Important Figures
As a former enslaved person, this man became a brilliant general and politician who defeated European powers, abolished slavery in Saint-Domingue, and paved the way for Haiti's independence.
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
In 1792, the French government granted all free people of color _____ to satisfy the rebels in Saint-Domingue.
Equal rights to Whites
This unequal system existed between white colonists, affranchis, and the enslaved people in Saint-Domingue, creating deep resentment.
What is a Social/Racial Hierarchy?
After the revolution, Haiti had decaying infrastructure, depredation of the environment, and was in ______.
Severe economic debt/distress
The capital of the West Department of Saint-Domingue
What is Port au-Prince?
Born into slavery, this person became a top lieutenant to Toussaint Louverture before taking over leadership of the revolution. This person was the first Haitian Emperor and proclaimed Haiti's independence.
Who is Jean-Jacques Dessalines?
In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte sends General Charles Leclerc to Saint-Domingue to _____.
Retake the island and to reenlist slavery
This cause declared all citizens equal, which inspired enslaved people and affranchis to demand rights in Saint-Domingue.
What is the French Revolution?
After the revolution, Haiti became the world's first _____.
Independent Black Republic
The main products, besides enslaved people, that were being traded during the Haitian Revolution.
What is indigo, cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa and tobacco?
This person was the leading mulatto military leader during the Haitian Revolution; they also became Toussaint's opponent in the battle for control over Saint-Domingue.
Who is André Rigaud?
In 1797, Toussaint Louverture and André Rigaud united forces to _____ of Saint-Domingue.
Push the British forces out
Enslaved people endured _____ which was mainly caused by commandeurs in plantations to create fear amongst the enslaved and to assert dominance and authority.
What is severe Brutality/Abuse?
The defeat of French forces and loss of revenue from Haiti led Napoleon Bonaparte to _______ in 1803.
Sell Louisiana (The Louisiana Purchase)
The U.S didn't recognize Haiti's independence until _____.
1862
This person was a French general under Napoleon's authority and led an expedition to re-establish slavery in the Caribbean, most notably in Saint-Domingue.
Who is Charles Leclerc?
In March 1796, Saint-Domingue's colony governor proclaimed Toussaint ______ of Saint-Domingue.
Lieutenant Governor
The white ruling colonist class in Saint-Domingue split between royalist and revolutionary views (supported the king vs didn't) which weakened control and caused _____.
Political Instability
After the Haitian revolution, other colonial powers ______, fearing the spread of similar rebellions.
Internationally Isolated Haiti
The treaty Spain made with France when losing control over its remaining colonies in Hispaniola, and therefore gave up Santo-Domingo to France.
What is the Treaty of Basel?
This person was a vodou priest and led the first slave revolt (along with maroons and affranchis) in Northern Saint-Domingue which served as the catalyst to the beginning of the Haitian Revolution.
Who is Dutty Boukman/Boukman Dutty?
In 1790, Vincent Ogé, a wealthy affranchis, led an unsuccessful revolt against white colonial authorities demanding ______.
Voting rights and equality amongst races
A movement that came from Europe in the 1700's which emphasized and questioned individualism.
What is Enlightenment Thought?
After the revolution, France lost its ______ in the world amongst other colonial powers, such as the U.S or Britain.
Colonial Rule
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, __________ sent warships to Haiti demanding payment back for the loans Haiti took out to pay France as recompensation.
France, Britain, Germany, and the U.S