Medical Conditions
A patient presents as altered, confused, not acting normal. In your history you find out that the patient has not eaten at all today however has taken their daily insulin this morning. One of your top differentials would be what?
What is hypoglycemia?
This is the normal adult resting heart rate range in beats per minute.
60-100 BPM.
According to BLS guidelines, the compression-to-ventilation ratio for a single rescuer performing CPR on an adult is this.
What is 30:2?
At a county fair, you find a man with a deep cut to his forearm from broken glass. Blood is flowing steadily but not spurting. The first step in controlling this type of bleeding is this.
What is applying direct pressure with a sterile dressing?
According to MFR directives, this is the standard oral dose of ASA for an adult patient with suspected cardiac chest pain, assuming no contraindications.
What is 160-162mg ASA (2x80mg or 2x81mg)
Can be brought on by either activity or exposure to an air pollutant or pollen, this condition commonly diagnosed in adolescence can present as acute attacks of trouble breathing with distinct wheezing on expiration.
What is Asthma?
At a motocross event, you respond to a 27-year-old male who crashed at high speed. He is pale, restless, and complaining of abdominal pain. Vitals: BP 84/58, pulse 132 and weak, respirations 30 and shallow, SpO₂ 92% on room air. Based on MFR-level training, these vitals indicate this stage of shock.
What is decompensated shock due to trauma?
You are performing CPR on an adult patient when another MFR arrives with an AED. After attaching the pads and following prompts, the AED advises a shock. According to BLS protocol, your next step is this.
What is ensure everyone is clear, deliver the shock, and immediately resume CPR starting with compressions?
At a mountain biking event, you find a rider who crashed without a helmet. He is awake but confused, has a scalp laceration with minor bleeding, and complains of nausea. According to MFR protocols, the most important part of treatment after bleeding control is this.
What is maintaining manual C-Spine stabilization until spinal injury is ruled out?
At a winter festival, you assess a patient with shortness of breath and an SpO₂ reading of 84% on room air. According to MFR protocols, what would be the most appropriate method of oxygen delivery for this patient?
What is Non-Rebreather at 10-15LPM
A patient with this lung disease may present with a barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing, and diminished breath sounds. In more progressed stages of this disease a patient may be on home oxygen.
What is emphysema? (COPD)
You are at a swim meet when a 14-year-old competitive swimmer is helped out of the pool after becoming short of breath. He is upright, speaking in 4–5 word sentences, with a faint bluish tinge around the lips. Friends say he “had a bad cold” last week. Before completing the full set of vitals, the vital sign you should obtain first is this one, to help determine the severity of his condition.
What is SpO₂ (oxygen saturation)?
While covering a senior swim meet, a 68-year-old male is pulled from the pool unresponsive and not breathing. You confirm no pulse. The deck is wet, and bystanders have already called 911. According to BLS, before delivering the first shock with an AED, you must do this.
What is quickly dry the chest and ensure the patient is not in contact with water to allow safe AED use?
At a construction site, a man is found with a puncture wound to the chest from rebar. He is alert but short of breath, and you hear a sucking sound when he inhales. The correct MFR treatment is this.
What is applying an occlusive dressing sealed on three sides to create a flutter valve effect?
During standby at a hockey game, you assess a 59-year-old male with crushing chest pain. He has his own nitroglycerin spray and no contraindications. Vitals: BP 98/60, pulse 88, SpO₂ 95%. According to MFR directives, does he qualify to receive nitroglycerin?
What is No, his blood pressure makes him contraindicated at less than 100mmHg systolic.
While on standby at a charity 5 km walk, you’re called to a 62-year-old male who stopped halfway and is sitting on a bench. He reports a squeezing chest discomfort that started while walking and is now easing after a few minutes of rest. He says this has happened “a couple of times” over the past month but always goes away when he stops. Vitals are stable, and he has no shortness of breath at rest. In his pocket you find a small bottle labeled “Nitroglycerin – as needed for chest pain.”
What is stable angina?
At a fall fair, you respond to a 16-year-old male who suddenly collapsed after standing in line for a ride. He is pale, clammy, and responding only to verbal stimuli. Several friends are crowding in, saying he “looked dizzy” before going down. As an MFR, before obtaining all vitals, you should prioritize assessing these two first to determine immediate life threats.
What are pulse and blood pressure, to rapidly assess perfusion?
At a seniors’ curling tournament, two MFRs are performing CPR on an 82-year-old male in cardiac arrest. While exposing the chest for AED pad placement, you see a small lump with a surgical scar just below his right collarbone. According to BLS protocol, this is your correct action regarding AED pad placement.
What is place the pad at least 2.5 cm (1 inch) away from the pacemaker or ICD site to avoid interference with the shock?
At a community picnic, a 32-year-old woman spills boiling water on her right hand and wrist. The skin is red with several intact blisters, and she is in significant pain. According to MFR burn care protocols, describe the correct immediate treatment.
What is cool the burn with gentle, running cool (not cold) water for up to 10 minutes, avoid breaking any blisters, then loosely wrap the hand with a moist sterile dressing, placing sterile gauze between each finger to prevent the skin from sticking together?
During a food truck festival, a 34-year-old male approaches you with flushed skin, swelling around the eyes, hoarse voice, and audible wheezing. He says he ate “something with shellfish” 5 minutes ago. Vitals: BP 96/64, pulse 124, respirations 30, SpO₂ 91%. According to MFR directives, identify the treatment that should be given first and explain why it takes priority over all other interventions.
What is epinephrine via auto-injector, because it directly reverses airway swelling and bronchoconstriction in anaphylaxis, the most immediate life threat?
While providing standby coverage at a fall fair, you’re called to the midway where a 58-year-old male collapsed beside a food stand. Bystanders say he suddenly fell, his right arm jerked for less than a minute, and then he became still. Now, about 10 minutes later, he is awake but confused, with slurred speech and weakness on his right side. He has no seizure history, but in his volunteer lanyard pouch you notice a hospital appointment card from the cardiac clinic and a partially empty blood thinner prescription bottle dated 3 months ago.
What is a stroke (CVA) likely secondary to atrial fibrillation with seizure as the initial presentation?
At a concert, you assess a confused 70-year-old male with a history of heart disease. Vitals: pulse 48 and irregular, BP 82/48, respirations 20, SpO₂ 91%. Given these findings, you should suspect this as the primary cause of his altered mental status.
What is poor cerebral perfusion due to bradycardia and hypotension?
During a charity basketball game, a 48-year-old male collapses on the court. When you reach him, he is unresponsive and taking occasional gasping breaths about every 15 seconds. His chest rises slightly with each gasp, but there is no regular breathing pattern and the patient has no pulse. According to BLS, these breaths are called this, and the correct immediate action is this.
What are agonal respirations, and begin CPR immediately because they are not effective breathing?
After a head-on collision at a demolition derby, a conscious driver is anxious and restless with rapid shallow breathing. You notice absent breath sounds on the right side, distended neck veins, cool clammy skin, and tracheal deviation to the left. What life-threatening injury should you suspect?
What is a tension pneumothorax?
At a downtown street festival, you find a male in his 20s lying supine, unresponsive. He has a weak carotid pulse at 48 bpm, irregular snoring respirations at 4 per minute, and SpO₂ of 72% on room air. His skin is cool and cyanotic, and there’s a used syringe nearby. According to MFR directives, list the first critical intervention, the supportive care to provide immediately after, and the medication indicated — in the exact order they should occur.
What is open the airway, provide assisted ventilations with high-flow oxygen via BVM, then administer naloxone per protocol while continuing to ventilate until adequate spontaneous breathing returns?