Show:
Sensation & Perception
Memory
Pharmacology
Addiction/General Psychopathology
Anxiety & Depression
100
_______ is the process that converts light (electromagnetic energy) into nerve signals (electrical energy); it occurs in the _______ cells. Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?
sensory transduction; ganglion; bottom-up
100
Evidence from Murdock (1962) and Peterson & Peterson (they asked participants to listen to a list of words and then report as many as they could remember) on __________ effects demonstrate that memory is NOT a _________ phenomenon.
primacy/recency effects; unitary; serial position curve
100
What types of drugs work in the synapse? What types of drugs work by affecting the post-synaptic target cell?
1. Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/enzyme inhibitors (MAOIs); agonists (GABA)/antagonists (NE)
100
Jane started using morphine to deal with pain after her surgery, and had to increase the dosage gradually because the initial amount wasn’t working as well as in the beginning. However, after her pain was gone, she continued to use the drug and soon started expending far too much time, energy, and money obtaining it. Explain how her use of the drug changed. When (if ever) was she tolerant, dependent, and/or addicted?
medicinal → abusive; tolerance and then addicted
100
Anxiety contrasts with _________, which is adaptive. Which drugs are used to treat anxiety? What is the timeframe within which they begin working?
fear; GABA agonists, NE antagonists, and SRIs
200
What method is used to measure perception when a participant is asked to describe a stimulus? What about when they’re asked to indicate when they see a difference between one stimulus and another? What about when they’re asked to identify a stimulus from among a field of stimuli? These are all examples of what type of perception method?
description; discrimination; search; psychophysical (stimulus → perception) vs. neurophysiological (stimulus → physiology)
200
What are the steps in the Modal Model of Memory? What processes move information from one to the other?
Sensory, STM/working, LTM; sensation → attention → [maintenance rehearsal] → encoding ← retrieval
200
What do the following drugs have in common? How do each of them effect different neurotransmitter systems? Depressants: Stimulants: Opiates: Psychedelics: Cannabinoids:
GABA agonists; reuptake inhibitors of various systems; endorphins agonists; serotonin agonists; ananamide agonists
200
Tolerance and dependence for a drug can be caused by reversible biological changes in the body. What was Kreiss’ main example?
Downregulation of receptor proteins in response to high/frequent use of a drug
200
Compared to fear, what are some physiological differences that a person with anxiety might be experiencing? (What might be different with how their nervous/endocrine systems function?)
over-activation of the HPA axis; involvement of NE and 5HT (in contrast to just NE in fear); less GABA
300
The ___________ of pitch perception explains how sound waves are transduced to nerve signals. Depending on the wavelength of a vibration, ____ cells in a different area of the _______ membrane is activated; the nearer the cells are to the cochlea, the _____ the pitch sounds.
Place Theory; hair; basular; higher
300
What is the approximate capacity and duration of sensory/short-term/long-term memory? What are the different types for each? What studies demonstrated this?
Sensory (milliseconds; infinite; iconic/echoic; Sperling/dichotic listening); Working/STM (30s, 7+/- 2; central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer); LTM: (forever/infinite; explicit (episodic/semantic)/implicit (conditioned, procedural, priming))
300
Opiates can cause both decreased sensation and decreased perception, meaning they can affect both _______ neurons and _________ neurons.
Sensory and CNS
300
What are some possible treatments for addiction? For example, what might you advise to help someone stop smoking?
Prevention; change method of administration (DON’T GO TO THE PLACES YOU NORMALLY USE); counteract pleasurable effects; drugs to reduce craving (nicotine patch, Chantix); therapy/support groups
300
Depression contrasts with __________, which is adaptive. Which drugs are used to treat depression? What is the timeframe within which they begin working?
bereavement; SSRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs (ECT, neurogenesis)
400
Cognitive maps and the effect of context on perception (ex. The hairdryer/power tool example from class) demonstrate the effect of ________ on perception. How are top-down and bottom-up processing involved here?
perceptual schemas
400
What are the two main ways that encoding memories into long-term memory can occur? Which type of rehearsal is most beneficial for memory retention, and what study demonstrated this?
Automatic; effortful: maintenance or elaborative
400
Assume that dopamine is excitatory. How would taking an antipsychotic (a dopamine antagonist) affect the firing rate of a neuron postsynaptic to a non-firing dopamine neuron? What about a firing dopamine neuron?
No change with non-firing DA neuron, because there is no DA in the synapse to block (an antagonist blocks endogenous neurotransmitters from interacting with receptors). Decrease in activity with firing neuron, because the antagonist blocks the excitatory effect that the DA would normally have.
400
Psychologist use the _____ to diagnose mental disorders.
DSM
400
What non-pharmacological methods are used to treat depression?
therapy (anything behavioral/psychological), TMS, neurogenesis, ECT, electrical stimulation
500
Not perceiving an unattended stimulus (ex. The Gorilla video) and not noticing a change in a stimulus are called ______ and _______. How do they demonstrate bottom-up processing?
inattentional and change blindness
500
What are the three main theories for why we forget things?
encoding failure; decay theory; interference theory (sleeping study; retro vs. proactive interference)
500
Assume that endorphins are inhibitory. How would taking morphine (an opiate) affect the firing rate of a neuron postsynaptic to a non-firing endorphin neuron? What about a firing endorphin neuron?
Both situations would decrease the firing rate. Opiates are endorphins agonists, meaning that they will interact with post-synaptic receptors regardless of whether the presynaptic neuron is releasing opiates. Since endorphins are inhibitory, the firing rate decreases. *Note that there is an INCREASE in postreceptor activity, but a decrease in the firing rate.
500
Expression of emotions is controlled partly by the somatic nervous system (which allows for ______ control of emotional expressions) and the autonomic nervous system (which allows for _______ control of emotional expressions). What is an example of a physical expressions controlled by each system?
voluntary & involuntary (smiling: limbic system when really happy, motor cortex when faking); involuntary (sweating, blushing)
500
Brain imaging studies of patients with depression that, compared to controls, people with depression have increased activity in the ______ and decreased activity in the ________.
amygdala, frontal lobe (although increased in PFC)