Mitochondria & Moonshine
How does the mitochondria in a PLANT cell rely on photosynthesis?
needs the glucose made by photosynthesis to make ATP
what is the LONGEST part of the cell cycle called? What is the main purpose of this stage?
Interphase= grow and develop to full size; prep for cell division later
in a homozygous dominant X homozygous recessive cross, what GENOTYPE and PHENOTYPE will the offspring have?
ALL heterozygous genotype
all dominant phenotype
State the TWO parts of the THEORY OF EVOLUTION
explains how genetics within a population have changed over time.....and....all life shares a common ancestor
What makes a SCIENTIFIC THEORY special?
explains a natural phenomenon and is supported by LOTS and LOTS and LOTS of evidence
When oxygen is present, mitochondria will perform cellular respiration. Why is cellular respiration important and What 2 reactants are needed in order to perform cellular respiration
important to make ATP
needs OXYGEN and GLUCOSE
What is the purpose of CYCLINS and GROWTH FACTORS?
regulate the cell cycle and ensure cells are made correctly; lets cells know when more cells are needed and when to stop dividing
A green gecko is bred with a red gecko. 80% of the offspring are green and 20% are red. Is this an example of COMPLETE dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance? EXPLAIN
Complete dominance; all offspring are either green or red, no blending or expression of both colors together seen in any of the offspring
True or False: The Theory of Evolution discusses the ORIGINS of life. EXPLAIN your reasoning
FALSE: Theory only goes into how GENETICS have changed, but NOT how life came to be, well, life
NAME and DESCRIBE TWO scientific theories (CANNOT use Theory of Evolution)
Atomic Theory: all matter is made of atoms
Cell Theory: All life is made of cells
Plate Tectonics Theory: Earth's crust is split into sections that move slowly
Heliocentric Theory: Sun is the center of our solar system
Germ Theory: microorganisms make you sick
Why will someone get tired after beginning a workout from a CELLULAR perspective? answer should specify what fermentation process will begin to occur and why this would make you tired
Mitochondria do not have enough oxygen to perform cellular respiration and cells will begin to perform lactic acid fermentation. This process doesn't make any ATP and body will tire
Provide examples for the negative consequences that can occur if mitosis and meiosis do not go correctly. DESCRIBE TWO FACTORS that can negatively impact these division processes
Mitosis- cancer
Meiosis- problems in the offspring
FACTORS: certain viral infections; smoking; excessive alcohol; genetic predispositions; drug use; exposure to known carcinogens
DESCRIBE TWO DIFFERENCE between Mendelian Inheritance and Nonmendelian Inheritance: provide and example of each
example: mendel's pea plants
Nonmendelian: does not follow above rules
eye color, skin color, height
How does Fossils and DNA evidence support the Theory of Evolution?
Fossils: physical records of organisms that were/are here and how they have changed throughout time
DNA: all life made up of A,T,G,C & can be used to show how closely/ far apart organisms are genetically
Explain what artificial (aka selective breeding) selection is and how it supports the Theory of Evolution
People choosing desirable traits in animals/ plants and purposely breeding for those traits
support: causes genetic changes within a population
When making moonshine ( or any fermented drink or food product), why is it important to add sugar and to keep the product covered?
sugar: provides food for the yeast to perform glycolysis
Covered: keep out oxygen; fermentation requires ANAEROBIC conditions; oxygen will cause it to rot
Explain the difference between MITOSIS and MEIOSIS in terms of FUNCTION, the NUMBER of daughter cells produced, and the GENETIC MAKEUP of the daughter cells compared to the parent cell
Mitosis: growth and repair; 2 cells made that are genetically identical to parent cell
Meiosis: make gametes: 4 cells made that are genetically different from the parent cell
Explain the difference between a GENE MUTATION and a CHROMOSOME MUTATION. 2 differences needed
GENE MUTATION: 1 trait affected; can usually be tested for
CHROMOSOME MUTATION: multiple traits affected, cannot usually be tested for (RANDOM)
What is embryology? How does vertebrate embryology support the Theory of Evolution?
Embryology: study of embryo development from fertilization to fetus stage
support: all vertebrate embryos share the same basic shape and structures
Explain what antibiotic resistance is and how it supports the Theory of Evolution
Antibiotic resistance: bacteria that are no longer affected by certain medicines (antibiotics losing effectiveness to treat an illness)
Support: shows GENETIC changes within bacterial species
1 similarity(both fermentation will not be accepted) and TWO differences
Both: require glycolysis; anaerobic
LacFer: used to make food; makes lactic acid
AlcFer: used to make drinks/bread; makes alcohol and carbon dioxide
Genetic Recombination is a huge thing in Meiosis. Describe the process of Synapsis and Independent Assortment and how they contribute to genetic recombination
synapsis: homologous pairs trade pieces of chromatids with each other and rearrange the genes
Independent assortment: mixes up how chromosomes are sorted and results in different chromosome sets for cells
Point addition or deletion mutations always negatively impact an organism because they result in a frame shift mutation. DESCRIBE what this is and how it affects the organism's DNA
frame shift alters how the bases are read for codons
incorrect codons are made resulting in incorrect amino acids resulting in the gene being made incorrectly
Explain the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures. Provide an example of EACH TYPE
Homologous: same structures found in different species
EXAMPLE: same types of bones found in different vertebrate species; same features found in different plant species
Analogous: different structures that perform the same function
EXAMPLE: wings made of skin flaps, membranes, or feathers; insect legs and human legs both used to move
Explain what a vestigial structure is.
Provide an example.
Explain how it supports the Theory of Evolution
Vestigial: feature an organism has that no longer has a purpose
Example: leg bones on a whale, human appendix, eye socket in an eyeless cave fish, human wisdom teeth
Support: ancestors had this feature and the DNA for the traits is still being passed on even though it's no longer necessary