Studying Disease
Physical, mental, and social well-being--not merely the absence of disease
Health
How can disease be fought?
Through prevention and therapy (treatment)
______________ are not technically organisms because they are not made of cells but because they actively infect living cells and contain their own unique genetic code, they are usually considered to be alive.
Viruses
Do bacteria have nuclei?
No
Atypical growths of cells that become tumors
Neoplasms
What are 5 causes of cancer?
Genetics--oncogenes
Carcinogens--chemicals that alter genetic activity
Age--changes in cells over time and effects of cell damage
Environment--chronic exposure to damaging substances
Viruses--causes changes in genetic "machinery"
Resistant dormant forms of bacteria are called____________?
Spores
A disruption in body function that threatens health
Disease
The study of underlying physiological aspects of disease
Pathophysiology
Virus particles invade host cells and ___________ organelles and raw materials
Pirate
Name the classifications of bacteria by growth requirements
Aerobic
Anaerobic
When cells leave a primary tumor and start a secondary tumor at a new location
Metastasis
A complex metabolic syndrome including appetite loss, muscle loss, and general weakness
Cachexia
Name 2 ways to prevent person-to-person contact
Can be prevented by
education and aseptic technique
The study of the factors that cause disease
Etiology
Many diseases are best understood as disturbances of __________________
Homeostasis
Give examples of DNA Virus
HPV--warts
Hepatitis B--liver virus
Herpes Simples 1 (fever blisters) & 2 (genital herpes)
Varicella zoster virus VZV--Chicken Pox then Shingles
Epstein-Barr virus EBV--Mononucleosis
Gram staining techniques helps us to identify which bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria will stain purple
Gram-negative bacteria will stain red
Tumors can be _________ or ___________
Benign--remain localized
Malignant--spread, forming secondary tumors
Classifying tumors by size and extent of spread
Staging
Name 2 ways to prevent environmental contact
Can be prevented by
avoiding contact and safe sanitation practices
Refers to a disease with an unknown cause
Idiopathic
When a variant CFTR gene for chloride produces cystic fibrosis--this would be an example a ______________ mechanism of disease
Genetic mechanism
Give examples of RNA Virus
Influenza A, B, and C
HIV--acquired AIDS
Flavivirus--West Nile, yellow fever, Dengue fever, Zika, St. Louise encephalitis
Paramyxovirus--Measles, mumps, parainfluenza
Hepatitis A and C--viral liver infections
Name 4 structural classifications of bacteria
Bacillus (rod shaped)-- Anthrax, gastroenteritis
Coccus (sphere shaped)--Strep pneumonia, Rheumatic fever
Curved or spiral rod--Cholera, gastroenteritis, wound infections, Syphilis, and Lyme's Ds
Small bacterium--Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever, PID, Chlamydia
Name 3 benign, epithelial tumors
Papilloma--fingerlike projection
Adenoma--glandular tumor
Nevus--small, pigmented tumor
What are signs of an inflammatory response?
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Name 2 ways to prevent opportunistic invasion
Prevented by avoiding changes in skin and mucous membranes and by cleansing of wounds.
Name and describe three patterns of disease development
Endemics--diseases native to a local region
Epidemics--affect many people at the same time like all the US
Pandemics--widespread, global
_______________occurs when pathogenic organisms or particles damage the body in someway.
Infectious mechanism or Infection
RNA Virus that causes the common cold and upper respiratory infections
Rhinovirus
Fungi that parasitize skin or mucous membrane tissue are_________ ; give 2 examples
Yeast, small single-celled
ex: oral thrush, athlete's feet, jock itch, ringworm
Name 3 benign, connective tissue tumors
Lipoma--adipose, fatty
Osteoma--bone tumor
Chondroma--cartilage tumor
Name the inflammatory mediators
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Kinins
What is a strategy to reduce transmission of infection by a vector
Reduce the population of vectors and decrease exposure to vectors
Measures how many new cases occur in a specific time period
Incidence
Benign or malignant tumors of new growth are called______________
Neoplasms
___________________ are RNA viruses characterized by a "crown" of surface projections seen under an electron microscope
Coronaviruses--Covid-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS
Large, multicellular "fungus balls"
Mold
ex: Aspergillus
Name 2 carcinomas (malignant epithelial tumors)
Melanoma--involves melanocytes
Adenocarcinoma--glandular cancer
Movement of white blood cells to injury site
Chemotaxis
Treatment that stimulates immunity; may produce mild side effects but does not cause autism.
Vaccination
Measures the proportion of all people who have a condition, regardless of when they first develop it
Prevalence
Give an example of traumatic injury.
injury caused by physical or chemical agents
extreme heat, trauma, or radiation
Give and example of PROteinaceous INfectious particle or PRION
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE also known as "mad cow disease"
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease fatal conditions degenerations of the brain and progressive loss of function
I am a one-celled organism, larger than bacteria that has DNA organized in a nucleus. My large cell of changing shape can extend my membranes to form pseudopodia "false feet".
Who am I?
Ameba
Name 4 Sarcomas (connective tissue cancers)
Lymphoma--lymphatic cancer
Osteosarcoma--bone cancer
Myeloma--bone marrow tumor
Fibrosarcoma--cancer of fibrous tissue
High body temperature caused by resetting of the body's "thermostat"; this destroys pathogens and enhances immunity
Fever
Name 2 drug therapies that destroy of inhibit pathogens
Antibiotics-naturally derived from living organisms; we also have synthetic antibacterials
Antiviral drugs--Tamiflu, Acyclovir, and Efavirenz do not cure the virus but slow progression; may be given in combination (drug cocktails)