Life
What are the 4 types of macromolecules that are in living things?
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
What 4 factors determine population size?
birth, death, immigration, emigration
A Simpson's diversity index close to 1 means there is (low/high) diversity.
high
Which 2 taxonomic classifications are given in binomial nomenclature?
genus & species
Which immune response produces the most antibodies, primary or secondary?
secondary
Which of the following events came first in the origin of life?
oxygen in atmosphere, oxygen in oceans, unicellular life, multicellular life
unicellular life
Is parasitism density dependent or independent?
density dependent
Define keystone species in 1 sentence.
A species with a disproportionately large impact on a community.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes = no nucleus or compartments (organelles)
Eukaryotes = “true” nucleus & compartments (organelles)
Put the following plants in the order they evolved in ("oldest" to "newest"): gymnosperm, moss, angiosperm, fern, liverwort
liverwort, moss, fern, gymnosperm, angiosperm
What are 3 functions of lipids in a cell?
long-term energy, cell membrane (structure), or communication (hormones)
Which type of growth (exponential or logistic) best models the idea of carrying capacity?
logistic
What vocabulary word describes when a pollutant, like methylmercury, collects in the fatty tissues of fish?
bioaccumulation
Which kingdoms of life are exclusively hetertrophs?
fungi & animalia
Which type of evidence for evolution is the most effective at determining evolutionary relationships?
nucleic acid homology (genetics, DNA comparison, amino acid comparison)
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
order, energy, response, regulation, reproduction, growth, evolution
What 2 factors determine species diversity?
species richness and relative abundance
Draw a food chain containing the following organisms: humans, grass, cows
If grass have 10,000 kJ of energy available, how much energy is available to the organism at the top of the food chain? What is the name for this rule?
grass ----> cows ----> humans
100 kJ
10% rule
What are the 3 steps to endosymbiotic theory?
1. plasma membrane folds in
2. engulf bacteria to make mitochondria
3. engulf plastids to make chloroplasts
What type of vaccine uses pieces of the outer proteins/antigens of a virus to produce an initial immune response?
subunit vaccine
Which macromolecule contains the following atoms: CHONS, and what structure does it have?
protein, NCC backbone
Summarize the greenhouse effect in 1 sentence.
Infrared radiation reflects off the Earth's surface back into the atmosphere, but greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere can reflect the radiation back to Earth's surface = warmer surface temperatures.
In coral reefs, different species of coral try to reach the most light. Within a single coral, algae and polyps provide each other with benefits. What 2 types of community interactions do these statements represent (be specific)?
different species of coral: interspecific competition
polyps and algae: symbiotic mutualism
How do helper t-cells connect innate and adaptive immune systems using the roles of dendritic cells and b-cells?
dendritic cells engulf pathogen and present antigens --> helper t-cells that match the presented antigen are activated --> help t-cells activate b-cells with matching antigens --> b-cells produce antibodies to fight pathogen
What is the most significant difference between adaptive and nonadaptive evolution?
Adaptive = natural selection
Nonadaptive = random selection