From Gametes to Zygotes
This process ensures genetic variation and reduces chromosome number before fertilization occurs.
What is meiosis?
This enzyme synthesizes RNA by reading the DNA.
What is RNA polymerase II?
These molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
What are tRNAs?
A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence.
What is a silent mutation?
This principle describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
What is the central dogma?
These cells are produced by meiosis and contain half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells.
What are haploid gametes?
During transcription, RNA is synthesized in this direction and by using what strand of DNA?
What is in the 5' to 3' direction and using the template strand on DNA?
This is the ribosome site where new amino acids are brought in by tRNA.
What is the A site?
How detrimental would it be if there were a nonsense mutation early on in the chain? Be specific.
What is a completely nonfunctional protein because it would result in a premature stop codon at the very beginning?
As discussed in The Gene, this technology allows scientists to edit DNA sequences with high precision.
What is CRISPR?
If a species has 2n = 16, this is the number of chromosomes found in each gamete.
What is 8?
This RNA processing step removes noncoding regions and joins coding regions together.
What is RNA splicing?
RANDOM DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Where are the smallest bones in the human body located?
What is in the ear?
A mutation changes UAU to UAA- what mutation is this?
What is a nonsense mutation?
An ethical concern raised in The Gene involving editing embryos to select for designed traits is referred to as this.
What are designer babies (or germline genetic modification)?
RANDOM DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Odontophobia is the fear of ______.
What is teeth?
If the DNA template strand reads 3' TACGGATTT 5', this is the mRNA transcript produced.
What is 5' AUGCCUAAA 3'?
Given the mRNA sequence:
AUGUUUGGCUGA, this is the resulting polypeptide. (use 3 letter code)
What is Met-Phe-Gly?
Give two reasons why introns are important.
What are (1) regulate gene expression, (2) stability, (3) control speed (kind of similar to (1)), (4) allow for different combinations/orderings of genes, and (5) contain genetic material for producing RNAs?
A mutation changes a DNA sequence within an exon, but the resulting protein is unchanged because multiple codons specify the same amino acid; this illustrates how the structure of the genetic code can buffer against some mutations.
What is degeneracy of the genetic code?
What is a blastocyst?
What is when the zygote divides and forms a complex number of cells from a single cell?
A mutation in this sequence would most likely directly prevent the mRNA from going to the cytoplasm.
What is the poly-A tail?
A mutation in a ribosomal protein prevents proper formation of the E site, name a specific effect relating to tRNAs that is likely to occur due to this mutation.
What is tRNAs will likely remain bound longer than normal, therefore it will disrupt the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA, reducing the overall efficiency?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: A mutation occurs in DNA but produces no change in phenotype; two molecular explanations account for this outcome. What are they?
What are (1) a silent mutation, and (2) a mutation in a noncoding (intron) region that does not affect gene expression?
RANDOM DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Coca-Cola was first sold in _______ (year).
What is 1886?