Medical Services in Preindustrial America
Medical training and education were not grounded in science. Physicians' fees were paid out of personal funds and health care was delivered in a free market.
What are the main characteristics of health care delivery?
Growth and development of a medical profession that benefited from urbanization and reforms in medical education.
What is the postindustrial era?
Believed that because Americans had been persuaded to adopt compulsory insurance against industrial accidents, could also adopt against sickness.
What was worker's compensation?
Non-primary care specialties dealing with particular diseases or organ systems.
Consisted of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and optometrists. Growth in technology placed greater demands on physicians and nurses and limited time they could spend with patients.
What is the health care provider workforce?
To train a larger number of students than was possible through apprenticeship, American physicians began opening medical schools.
What is medical training?
Urbanization, control over medical training, and support of licensing laws
What is the notable developments during the postindustrial era?
Involved 16 state legislatures, including those in New York and California to enact legislation compelling employers to provide health insurance, but was unsuccessful.
What was the emergence and rise of private health insurance?
Organized around the site of care- instead of a specific organ, disease, or age.
What is a hospitalist?
Constitutes approximately 60% of the U.S. health care workforce. Received a certificate or associate, bachelor's, or master's degree
What is an allied health professional?
The 2-year MD degree required attending courses for 3 to 4 months
What is a medical education?
Galvanized the medical profession and in protecting the interests of physicians.
What is the American Medical Association (AMA)?
The blueprint for modern health insurance was conceived when Justin F. Kimball began a hospital insurance plan. Had no shareholders to receive profit distributions.
What is the Birth of Blue Cross?
Physicians work in a variety of settings including hospitals, where they are employed as medical residents, staff physicians, or hospitalists.
What are work settings and practice patterns?
Receive less than 2 years of post-secondary education and are trained to perform procedures. Require supervision form therapists or technologists to ensure care plan.
What are technicians and assistants?
Did not require a rigorous course of study, clinical practice, board exams, and licensing.
What is medical practice?
Based on an inspection of medical schools. Found widespread inconsistencies in medical education.
What is the Flexner Report?
Pay physicians' fees. The medical profession protected its own financial interests.
What is the Birth of Blue Shield?
Growth in the insured population due to health care reform law, an aging U.S. population, an aging health care workforce, and the economy.
Receive more advanced training, including education in evaluating patients, diagnosing problems, and developing treatment plans.
What are technologists and therapists?
The United States had only a few isolated hospitals, which were found in large cities- New York, Boston, New Orleans, St. Louis, and Philadelphia.
What is a medical institution?
Became the center around which other medical services were organized. Came to symbolize the institutionalization of health care.
What was the development of hospitals in the United States?
The American government was highly decentralized and engaged in little direct regulation of social welfare.
What is the Failure of National Health Insurance in the U.S.?
Physicians often concentrate in larger numbers in metropolitan and suburban areas rather than in rural and inner-city areas. Demand for physicians' services is primarily determined by health care needs.
What is the geographic maldistribution?
Ensure institutional foods and diets are prepared according to nutritional standards.
What are dietitians?