Classical Conditioning
What is a stimulus?
Anything that provokes a response.
Your child got straight A's on their last report card. How could you reward them using positive and negative reinforcement?
pos - give them money
neg - tell them they don't have to do chores for a month
What's the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter. The dependent variable changes as a result of changes in the independent variable.
What is behaviorism?
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
What is psychology?
The study of human behavior and mental processes.
What is classical conditioning?
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Your child cheated on an exam. How could you discipline them using positive punishment? How could you discipline them using negative punishment?
PP - Make them study an extra hour every day
NP - Take away their videogames
Why are operational definitions important?
They allow scientists to replicate experiments.
Why is introspection unreliable?
It relies on self-reports from the subjects. People could lie.
What is the term used for the three bones in the middle ear?
ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
Summarize what happened in Pavlov's experiment with dogs.
Pavlov noticed that dogs would salivate at the sound of a food dish. He decided to ring a bell every time the dogs were given food. Eventually the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with the food, and would salivate at the sound of the bell alone.
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
You're more likely to repeat a behavior that's followed by favorable consequences, and less likely to repeat a behavior followed by unfavorable consequences.
What are the differences between descriptive studies, correlational studies, and experiments?
Descriptive studies provide information about a topic.
Correlational studies look for a connection between two or more variables.
Experiments involve manipulation of variables and can prove a cause and effect relationship.
Who is considered the founder of experimental psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the first female member of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli. Operant conditioning involves behaviors.
You get a job at Pizza Hut. You receive a paycheck every two weeks. Which reinforcement schedule is this following?
Fixed interval schedule.
Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest relationship?
0.5, -2, -0.9, 0, 0.3, 0.8
-.9
How did approaches to studying psychology change in the 1920's?
They focused on observable behavior rather than consciousness
What tool for studying the brain measures the brain's consumption of glucose?
positron emission tomography
Jim wants to get his brother Tim to quit smoking. Every time Tim sees a pack of cigarettes, Jim slaps him in the face. Label the following:
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Neutral stimulus - cigarettes
Unconditioned stimulus - the slap
Unconditioned response - fear/pain/flinching
Conditioned stimulus - cigarettes
Conditioned response - fear/pain/flinching
Which type of reinforcement schedule do slot machines use?
variable ratio schedule
What is a correlation coefficient?
a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from one to negative one)
Which modern approach is most similar to functionalism?
What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?
It controls satiety (your sense of fullness)