Child Development Research & Theory
Prenatal Development
Birth & Newborn Development
Infancy & Toddlerhood
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
100

Define schemes. 

Piaget's term for the way our brain organizes information. 

100

What are the main purposes of the placenta?

Exchange waste, gas, and nutrients between pregnant person and the fetus. 

100

What is the most common pain control method used during labor and delivery? 

Epidural 

100

Name Piaget's first stage of development

Sensorimotor 

100

Piaget would say children in early childhood are in the ___________ stage

Preoperational

100

School-age children are in Piaget's ______ stage

Concrete operationals

-More logical and organized thinking

-Ability to engage in decentration and reversibility

200

What is myelination?

The development of a fatty sheath around nerve fibers to increase the speed of electrical impulses

200

What stage of pregnancy is the fetus most sensitive to exposure to teratogens? 

Embryonic period

200

What is the purpose of the APGAR scale? 

Quickly assess the newborn's physical condition

200

What is pro-social behavior?

Behaviors intended to help others without the expectation of a reward.

200

Define social referencing

Actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

200

What stage are children in during middle childhood, according to Erikson? 

Industry vs inferiority 

300

Which theory posits that most complex behaviors are learned through observation and imitation?

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

300

Define cephalocaudal growth.

The pattern of growth and development that occurs from head to toe in infants and young children.

300

In industrialized nations, the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months is ________.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

300

What term refers to the ability of the brain to bounce back after adversity?

Plasticity

300

Name 1 biological and 1 environmental influence on gender typing

Biological

-Evolutionary adaptiveness of male/female traits

-Prenatal hormones

Environmental

-Family has different expectations of males & females, differences in language used when talking about males & females

-Teachers encouraging gender-stereotyped learning and play

-Peers reinforcing gender type play and criticizing divergance from that

-Social envrionment

300

At ages 7 & 8, children shift from learning to read to _________

Reading to learn

400

Who believed that a child develops in environmental systems that are a series of interrelated, nested structures that form a complex functioning system

Bronfenbrenner 

400

Name the three stages of fetal development in order. 

Germinal (2 weeks, from fertilization of the egg to implantation)

Embryonic (6 weeks, differentiation of major structures)

Fetal (30 weeks, period of refinement) 

400

Name 3 aspects of safe sleep. 

Baby sleeps alone in a crib

Baby sleeps on their back

Bed is firm

Nothing in crib with baby

Baby isn't overdressed

No smoke around baby

400

Define zone of proximal development

The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

400

At what age do we start to see racial bias emerge? What is the likely cause?

early infancy 

exposure to same-race faces

400

Name two aspects of executive functioning

-Inhibition & self-control

-Planning

-Self-monitoring

-Flexible thinking

-Working memory

-Time management

-Organization

500

Name at least two of the steps included in the scientific method. 

Observation, question, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, report. 
500

Name 4 teratogens 

Alcohol

Antidepressants

Aspirin

Caffeine 

Crack/Cocaine

Lead

Marijuana

Mercury

Meth

Opiates

Radiation

Smoking

Some infectious diseases

500

Name two of the three benefits of high infant cortisol levels during birth. 

•Help baby withstand temporary oxygen deprivation by sending blood to brain and heart

•Prepare baby to breathe by causing lungs to absorb fluid and by expanding bronchial tubes

•Arouse infant into alertness

500

Name the four attachment styles and at least one attribute of each. 

Secure
• self-assured, direct, responsive

Anxious-Preoccupied
• self-doubting, fearful, sensitive

Dismissive-Avoidant
• self-reliant, avoidant, distant

Disorganized
• self-sabotaging, unpredictable,
isolated


500

Name the most effective parenting style and one characteristic of that style.

Authoritative

High acceptance

High involvement

Adaptive control

Appropriate autonomy

Warmth

Parental involvement

500

What does IEP stand for and what is it?

IEP is an individualized education plan and it outlines the educational accommodations necessary for a child with a disability to be successful in school.