Concussions
How long should a concussion return to play last?
5-7 days
What is cauliflower ear?
Deformity of the cartilage of the outer ear; caused by friction.
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
How many parts of the brain are there?
6
What is the tympani?
The eardrum
What's the difference between coupe and contracoupe?
Coupe is the initial impact to the skull, contracoupe is when the brain rebounds against the opposite side of the skull.
What is tinnitis?
Ringing of the ear
What is the difference between a sensory nerve and a motor neuron?
Sensory- receive sensory input (touch, taste, smell, slight, sound) and transmit it to the brain
Motor- send signals from the brain to the muscles to stimulate movement
When arriving to the scene of a head, brain, or spine injury, what do you assess?
Complete a primary survey (ABC’s). Begin secondary assessment (neurologic baseline, history, level of consciousness)
What are two ways to prevent head and neck injuries?
Properly fitted equipment and maintaining flexibility/strength of neck muscles, using proper technique (avoiding spearing, dangerous movements)
What is second impact syndrome?
A second concussion received before the signs and symptoms of the first concussion have resolved
How do you treat epistaxis?
Pack area with gauze or cotton
Apply pressure
Apply cold compress
Which cranial nerves are related to the eye?
Hint: there are 4
Optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
How many vertabrae are in the cervical spine?
What is a hemorrhage?
The severe, abnormal internal or external discharge of blood
Define retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury
Anterograde amnesia: loss of memory for events that occur immediately after awakening
What two bones are associated with a TMJ dislocation?
Maxilla, mandible
What does the vagus nerve control?
heart rate, intestinal tract, organ sensations
When evaluating a head and neck injury, you should always call 9-1-1 or get medical help immediately if these symptoms occur...
Drowsiness, severe headache, facial bleeding, vomit, loss of consciousness, abnormal behavior, stops breathing
List the neck movements (ROM)
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Rotation
Describe the difference between Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III concussions.
Grade I- Mild; no loss of consciousness, no/mild confusion, no/slight memory loss, mild tinnitis, mild dizziness
Grade II- Moderate; loss of consciousness up to 5 min., slight confusion, mild memory loss, moderate tinnitis, moderate dizziness, possible unsteadiness
Grade III- Severe; loss of consciousness over 5 min., confusion, prolonged memory loss, severe tinnitis, severe dizziness, unsteadiness
How do you save an avulsed tooth?
Save, clean & put back into socket, or transport to dentist immediately
If replanted within 15-30 minutes, there is a 90% chance of saving the tooth
Don’t let root dry out; use saliva for up to 1 hour; cold whole milk, sterile saline
Name all 12 cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
What does the cerebellum do?
Maintains equilibrium, controls posture, makes movements smooth
What is the Glascow Coma Scale?
Determines level of consciousness
Eye opening response
Motor response
Verbal response
Scores rank from 3 to 15