Nutrition
Explain how income can make it difficult for Australians to make healthy food choices:
Low income can make unhealthy meal deals from fast food chains more accessible.
Define physical health and wellbeing
Refers to the body and it's systems and includes the capacity to perform daily tasks
Define 'safe water'
Water that is safe to consume, free from disease causing pathogens and harmful chemicals such as lead and mercury.
Name one disease that SDG 3 aims to combat globally.
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Neglected tropical diseases
Define health status.
Health status is the overall health of an individual or population, measured using indicators such as life expectancy, mortality, morbidity and burden of disease.
List 2 strengths of the Australian Guide to healthy eating.
Visually simple and easy to understand
Based on scientific evidence
Encourages variety and balance
Highlights discretionary foods
Applicable to diverse populations
Free and widely available
Provide 2 buzzwords for optimal mental health and wellbeing
- low levels of stress and anxiety
- positive thought patterns
- high levels of confidence/ self-esteem
- thinking and processing information
Explain sanitation
The provision of facilities that remove human waste such as a toilet.
State two reasons why the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are important for global health and human development.
End extreme poverty and hunger
Address disease and promote health
Empower girls and women
Tackle climate change
Fight inequalities
Build peaceful and inclusive societies
Protect human rights
Define morbidity.
Morbidity refers to ill health, disease or injury experienced by individuals or populations.
Outline three key recommendations from the Australian Dietary Guidelines.
-Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day.
-Limit intake of foods high in saturated fat, added salt, and added sugars.
-Encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding.
Define health and wellbeing
Health and wellbeing is a state of a person's physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual existence characterised by an equilibrium in which an individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
Identify the three dimensions and indicators used to measure by the Human Development Index (HDI).
Health: Measured using life expectancy at birth.
Education: Measured using mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling.
Standard of living: Measured using gross national income (GNI) per capita.
Outline two ways in which SDG 1 and 6 is linked to SDG 3 in promoting health and human development globally.
SDG 1 (No Poverty): Reducing poverty improves access to healthcare, nutritious food, and safe living conditions.
SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation): Access to safe water and sanitation reduces disease and supports healthy lives.
Explain the difference between incidence and prevaleance
Incidence measures the number or rate of new cases of a disease or health condition occurring in a population over a specified period.
Prevalence measures the number or proportion of people who have a disease or health condition at a particular time or over a specified period.
Explain two ways the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating supports culturally appropriate nutrition education.
It includes examples of traditional bush foods to reflect cultural eating practices.
It uses culturally relevant images and language to make nutrition messages more meaningful to Indigenous communities.
Explain, using an example, how health and wellbeing can be dynamic
Dynamic means that health and wellbeing is constantly changing over time. For example, a student may experience positive mental wellbeing during the holidays as they have low levels of stress and anxiety but experience a lower mental wellbeing during exams due to elevated levels of stress and anxiety.
Explain one limitation of the HDI.
The HDI uses national averages, which can hide inequalities within a country. For example, a country may have a high HDI overall while some groups experience low incomes, limited educational opportunities or poor access to healthcare.
Explain how SDG 5 (Gender Equality) is linked to SDG 3 and how this relationship promotes global health.
Reducing gender inequality ensures women have access to healthcare, including maternal and reproductive services, which reduces maternal and infant mortality.
Empowering women to make health and lifestyle decisions improves family nutrition and wellbeing, assisting to maintain healthy body weight, promoting physical H/W
Explain why a disease that causes relatively few deaths may still contribute substantially to burden of disease.
A disease can cause significant disability even if it does not cause many deaths. For example, a mental health condition may affect a person for many years, reducing their functioning and quality of life. These years lived with disability contribute to YLD and therefore increase the total burden of disease.
Explain how the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating can help reduce the impact of diet-related diseases in Australia.
The AGHE promotes consuming a variety of foods from the five food groups, ensuring individuals receive essential nutrients needed for overall health.
It encourages people to limit discretionary foods high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar, which helps lower the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
By showing appropriate proportions of each food group, it helps individuals manage portion sizes and energy intake.
The visual format makes healthy eating messages easy to understand, increasing the likelihood of behaviour change across the population.
When followed, the AGHE supports long-term health and wellbeing, reducing the prevalence and burden of chronic, diet-related conditions in Australia.
Explain how health and wellbeing can be subjective.
Subjective means that health and wellbeing is experienced and interpreted differently by each individual. For example, a younger person may see physical health as participating in sport, and having high levels of fitness while an older person may view physical health as being able to complete daily tasks and activities without pain.
Describe three characteristics that may distinguish high-income countries from low-income countries.
High-income countries generally have higher average salaries, and lower levels of poverty
They tend to have better access to safe water and sanitation
They have more opportunities for global trade
Briefly explain five key features of SDG 3 (‘Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages’).
Reduce maternal mortality: Ensures safe pregnancy and childbirth for women worldwide.
End preventable child deaths: Focuses on lowering infant and under-five mortality rates.
Combat communicable diseases: Targets HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases.
Reduce non-communicable diseases: Encourages prevention and management of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Universal access to healthcare: Promotes access to essential health services, vaccines, and medicines for all people.
What is a disability-adjusted life year (DALY)?
A DALY represents one year of healthy life lost due to premature death or time spent living with illness or disability. It is a measurement of burden of disease