Social Disparities
These non-medical factors cause differences in health outcomes between different groups of people.
What are social determinants of health?
The completion of this project occurred when there was an increase in public attention to health disparities, leading to the misconception that genetics causes health disparities.
What is the Human Genome Project?
This legal principle states that anyone with any perceptible trace of African ancestry is automatically considered Black.
What is the one-drop rule? (Rule of hypodescent)
This refers to a person’s position in society based on their access to resources and power.
What is socioeconomic status? (SES)
Lead researcher Erin Brodholt conducted her research on skeletal remains that were found in this country.
What is Norway?
This term refers to the systematic differences in health care treatment resulting from social disadvantage.
What are health disparities?
This service plays a crucial role in treating disease, but accounts for only a minor portion of population health status.
What is health care?
These kinds of changes involve modifications to DNA that determine which genes are turned on, and can be affected by early experiences.
What are epigenetic changes?
This refers to the maximum amount of bony tissue present at the end of skeletal maturation, and is 60-80% genetically determined.
What is Maximal (or Peak) Bone Mass?
This type of healthcare makes the largest difference to population health.
What is universal high-quality primary care?
This is the idea that everyone should have equal opportunity and means to be as healthy as possible.
What is health equity?
This concept influences which individuals within a particular group experience a particular disorder.
What is genetic susceptibility?
This term refers to the ways in which our experiences modify our biology and health by altering how our bodies develop.
What is developmental plasticity?
Most females of high-status show decreased BMD as a result of living this type of lifestyle, which involves little physical movement.
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
This type of research looks for statistical relationships between a trait, and has been quite successful in identifying genes that explain variation in a health outcome.
What are genome-wide association studies? (GWAS)
This percent of people with a family income under $25,000 skipped some medical treatment in 2023.
What is 42 percent?
This gene is seen in people of sub-Saharan African descent and accounts for 10% of the racial disparity in kidney disease.
What is the APOL1 gene?
This hypothesis proposed that people of African descent are predisposed to develop high blood pressure as a result of the conditions during the Middle Passage.
What is the slavery hypothesis?
When using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Brodholt and her team designated this area of the skeleton as the region of interest.
What is the femoral neck?
Brodholt and her team referenced Zaki et al (2008), which looked at the prevalance of this disease in high-status vs low-status individuals.
What is osteoporosis?
In the video, Dr. Camara Jones states that these three steps will help achieve health equity.
What is 1) valuing all individuals and populations equally, 2) recognizing and rectifying historical injustice and 3) providing necessary resources according to their need?
By focusing solely on health care innovation, we are ignoring this solution, which will more directly reduce health disparities.
What are efforts to increase education levels? (Efforts to reduce income inequality, promote community-based dietary/exercise initiatives, ensure universal access to primary care)
Identified by Smedley, this is the culturally structured, systematic way of perceiving/interpreting reality based on a faulty understanding of race.
What is the racial worldview?
According to Table 2, on average, high-status individuals were taller than their parish population counterparts by this many centimeters.
What is 1.8 cm?
Brodholt et al defined the “Middle Adult” category as someone who died between this age range.
What is 35-50 years?