Health Problem: Stress
Social and physical environmental circumstances that challenge the adaptive capabilities and resources of an organism.
What are psychological stressors?
Proposed by George Engel in 1977, this model rejected patients being treated as objects by doctors who disregarded their subjective experiences, and viewed health as a product of multiple interacting determinants- more complicated than the Biomedical model.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
Tannenbaum et al (2015) found that these were useful when promoting health behaviors when the depicted severity and/or susceptibility were high. They were more effective in female participants, and when there was an inclusion of efficacy statements.
What is the efficacy of fear appeals?
It is now viewed as a form of biological reductionism, but was the dominant health model until the 1970's. It understands all disease as biological processes.
What is the biomedical model?
Exercise increases the levels of circulating cortisol, which makes it paradoxical that this is an effective buffer against stress.
What is physical activity?
Fatigue, irritability and concentration issues, Anxiety, Depression, Memory and Concentration impairment. Increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, sleep problems and weight gain.
What are the ways stress effects your health?
This personality trait, as defined by Lewis Goldberg in the 90's and his "Five Factor Model of Personality, is characterized by orderliness, dutifulness, self-discipline, achievement-striving, and cautiousness.
What is conscientiousness?
Quist-Paulsen et al (2013), in a hospital in Vest-Agder, compared patients in a treatment group that received personal advice from trained nurses, about smoking cessation, and material that stressed the risks of continued smoking and the improved outcomes of cessation, with a control group who did not receive counseling. This helped patients understand that a negative health problem can be avoided by taking the recommended action and that they will be successful in doing so, and supports this model.
What is the Health-Belief Model?
When, after a period of eustress, stress hormones continue to be pumped into the blood stream resulting in distress, and weakening the immune system. This is why the students in Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984) had reduced levels of T-cell activity during their examination period, and were more likely to become ill.
What is General Adaptation Syndrome?
Pascoe and Bauer (2015) performed a systematic review of studies examining the effects of this on the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis. They found that regular practice leads to better regulation of the SNS and HPA axis.
What is yoga?
Kanner et al 1981 compared the impact of daily hassles and uplifts as predictors of psychological stress with that of major life events, amongst 100 Californians. A regression analysis revealed that the build up of these was the greatest predictor of psychological symptoms of stress.
What are daily hassles?
Deshapanda, Basil and Basil (2009) wanted to investigate how this model correlated with eating behaviors amongst university students. They conducted a survey on 194 undergraduates ages 18-25. This model was a good predictor of eating habits.
What is the health belief model?
Craig et al (2006) studied the efficacy of this community level health promotion campaign, where the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Kellogg Canada launched a campaign to improve national health, by promoting walking for 60 minutes a day. They found that a combination of community-oriented, motivational messaging and tools for self-monitoring are the effective at promoting health behaviors.
What is Canada on the Move?
Argues that stress is not the result of appraisal of life events. Stress results from the threat of losing resources, actually losing resources, or not gaining resources.
What is the conservation of resources model?
Pow et al (2016) examined the effect of this on paramedics and their ability to cope with stress. They found that, out of their sample of 87 paramedics, those that had higher levels of this reported improved sleep quality.
What is social support?
Experimenters showed a tribal video depicting genital mutilation to a group of boys. They measured the boys stress level via heart rate and skin conductance, as well as self-report data. Their were four conditions, each with its own soundtrack added to the silent film; Control, trauma, denial and science. The trauma condition (intense music) produced the highest levels of stress. This accentuates the role of individual interpretation, and context, for whether a situation is stressful.
What is Speisman et al (1964)?
In 2013 researchers aimed to investigate the association between personality traits and obesity, so it can be “successfully incorporated into prevention and intervention plans”. They ran a multinational meta-analysis of 78,931 men and women, mean age 50 who had participated in a longitudinal study that tracked personality and obesity/overweight. Conscientiousness was associated with lower obesity, and reversion to “non-obese” in initially obese individuals.
Who are Jokela et al?
Black et al (2010) conducted a study on the efficacy of a health promotion program on the interpersonal level. The program that was evaluated was a 12 month mentorship program based on the Health Belief Model. The participants were 235 black adolescents from an urban environment in the USA. There was a 5.3% decline in participants of the study, compared to an 11.3% increase in a control group.
What is Challenge!?
Argues that stress is the result of an individual interpretation of a perceived stressor as a challenge or a threat. It breaks down whether an event is stressful or not into primary and secondary appraisal, which is followed by a reappraisal.
What is the Transactional Stress Model?
Aitkens et al (2014) aimed to determine if, among employees at Dow Chemical, an online program that made use of this technique would reduce employee stress. They found that programs based on this were potentially an effective protective factor against stress.
What is mindfulness?
Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984) divided a group of college students into four groups; high stress and low stress, and high loneliness and low loneliness. The high loneliness and high stress groups had lower levels of this cell in their bloodstream, and therefor had a weakened immune system.
What are natural killer (NK) cells?
Chaput (2009) conducted a cross-sectional (n = 537) and longitudinal (n = 283; 6-year follow-up period) where they correlated Height, weight and BMI with Lipid, alcohol and calcium intake; Caloric intake; Cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger; Daily physical activity; Number of hours of sleep; SES, employment status, level of education and family income. The greatest correlations for obesity were short-duration sleepers, low calcium consumers, and those with a high disinhibition and restraint eating behavior score.
What are risk factors for overweight/obesity?
Langford et al (2015) studied the efficacy of this organizational level health promotion campaign. They conducted a meta-analysis and an inductive content analysis of 26 studies: thirteen studies were in the USA, two in the UK, two in Norway, one multi-country study (involving The Netherlands, Spain and Norway) and one study each in Belgium, Finland, France, Germany and Switzerland. Three studies were conducted in Australia.
What is the health promoting schools framework?
Karasek (1979) hypothesized that high-demand and low-control jobs are responsible for the phenomenon known as Karoshi, and proposed this model.
What is the Job Strain Model?
Loucks et al (2015) found that this behavior correlated positively with cardiovascular health in 382 people living in Rhode Island, and that this behavior played a role in reducing risk factors related to smoking, overweight/obesity and lack of regular exercise.
What is mindfulness?