Pathophysiology
This term describes a clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood.
What is heart failure?
A common assessment found in the lower extremity of heart failure patients...
What is peripheral edema?
Low sodium diet, fluid restriction, smoking cessation, and weight management.
What are lifestyle changes recommended for patients with heart failure?
This class of medications is used in the HF patient to enhance renal excretion of sodium and water; treat fluid overload...
What are diuretics?
These drugs decrease systemic vascular resistance
ACE Inhibitors
Coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure
What are primary causes of heart failure?
Pulmonary symptom heart failure patients report when doing activities of daily living.
What is dyspnea upon exertion?
One of the first tests performed to determine the cause of Heart failure symptoms. It identifies or rules out other possible causes of shortness of breath and fluid buildup in the lungs.
At home and in the hospital, this piece of data should be collected every day and monitored closely for increases in CHF patients...
What is daily weight?
These drugs inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption at the loop of Henle.
What are loop diuretics?
Heart wall thickening, or enlargement of the myocardium, is called this...
What is myocardial hypertrophy?
This sign accompanies the clients peripheral edema and should be monitored daily...
What is weight gain?
A neurohormone that helps regulate BP and fluid balance
What is brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
Diuretics should be taken at this time of the day...
What is in the morning?
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypotension, polyuria
What are side effects of loop diuretics?
This occurs when a CHF patient wakes up in the middle of the night coughing and short of breath, classically resolving when the patient gets up and goes to the window for air...
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
This sign is noticeable when an exacerbated CHF patients lie on bed at 30-45 degrees, with head turned to one side or the other...
What is Jugular vein distention (JVD)?
An ultrasound test that uses a transducer, which creates a high pitched sound waves to test the heart and determine patient ejection fraction.
What is an Echocardiogram?
This class of drugs enhance the contractility of the heart ...
What are inotropic drugs?
This medication is frequently prescribed to treat arrythmias that develop due to heart failure and predispose patients to the development of a blood clot.
What are anticoagulants?
This lab value is increased due to enzymes produced and released by the ventricles when a HF patient has fluid overload...
What is Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?
The lung sound heard during auscultation of lung bases. It results from backup of blood, which increases blood pressure and causes fluid to collect in the air sacs.
What are crackles?
Sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, BUN, BNP, LFT, and ABG's.
What are electrolytes and other labs for monitoring patients with heart failure?
Electrolyte that is monitored when HF patient is taking diuretics.
What is potassium?
The drug of choice for heart failure.
What is a diuretic?