Pathophysiology
Failure occurs with dysfunction in one or both of these chambers in the heart
What are the ventricles?
When increased pulmonary pressures causes fluid to shift into the interstitial spaces
What is pulmonary edema?
Most commonly used drug to treat chest pain during a Heart failure exacerbation
What is nitroglycerin?
Best indicator of fluid status in chronic heart failure management
What is daily weight?
Administered to relieve hypoxia and shortness of breath
What is supplemental oxygen therapy?
2 main classifications of heart failure
What is left and right sided heart failure?
Signs of pulmonary edema (3)
What are SOB, crackles, tachypnea, increased WOB?
A cough is a common side effect from this drug commonly used in heart failure treatment
What is lisinopril?
If your patient sleeps with several pillows under their head, this could be indicative of _______.
What are orthopnea/sleep apnea?
Drug that has many sub-types utilized to aid in fluid management for HF patients
What are diuretics?
The 2 primary risk factors for HF
What is CAD and HTN?
Right-sided heart failure symptoms (3)
What are JVD, ascites, peripheral edema, weight gain?
These drugs increase myocardial contractility
What are positive inotropes? (ex: digoxin, B agonists- dopamine, dobutamine, norepinephrine, milrinone)
Hypoxic skin assessment symptoms in heart failure (4)
What are pale, cool/clammy, mottling, cyanosis, dusky, dry skin, and delayed capillary refill?
A surgically implanted mechanical pump that pulls blood from LV and pushes it into aorta
What is a ventricular assist device/(L)VAD?
Type of heart failure where the blood cannot effectively PUMP blood out of the affected chamber
What is HF with reduced EF?
Most common rhythm issue with HF patients
What are palpitations (A-fib)?
These drugs vasodilate, block aldosterone effects, and are used in patients that do not tolerate ACE inhibitors
What are angiotensin receptor blockers/ ARBs? (ex: losartan, valsartan)
Nutritional interventions/recommendations for HF patients (2)
What is a low-sodium and/or low-fat diet and possible fluid restriction?
Device that increases coronary artery blood flow to the heart muscle and decreases the heart’s workload through a process called counterpulsation
What is an intra-aortic balloon pump?
Type of heart failure where the affected chamber cannot relax to fill properly with blood
Chronic HF neurological symptoms (3)
What are fatigue, confusion, restlessness, lightheadedness, dizziness?
This type of drug reduced afterload, slows conduction through the heart, and helps reverse cardiac remodeling
What are beta-blockers? (ex: metoprolol, labetalol, carvedilol, atenolol)
Exercise recommendations for heart failure patients
What is activity with periods of rest? (ex: walk 20-30 min/day, cardiac rehab program)
Examples of cardiac resynchronization therapy (2)
What are ICDs and pacemakers?