Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
This is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
What is temperature?
This is the energy transferred between objects due to a difference in temperature.
What is heat?
These are the three main quantities used to describe thermodynamic processes.
What are internal energy (U), heat (Q), and work (W)?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
This law states that heat naturally flows from hot objects to cold objects.
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
This state occurs when two objects in contact have the same temperature and no net heat transfer occurs.
What is thermal equilibrium?
This is the symbol used to represent heat energy in equations.
What is Q?
This happens to temperature when work is done on a system by compressing it.
What is an increase in temperature?
This happens to a system’s internal energy when heat is added to it.
What is internal energy increases?
This term describes the measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
What is entropy?
When temperature increases, this property of most substances increases as well.
What is volume (thermal expansion)?
This process transfers heat through direct contact between particles.
What is conduction?
This equation describes the work done by or on a gas in terms of pressure and volume change.
What is W = PΔV?
This sign of Q indicates that heat is being added to the system.
What is Q > 0?
According to the second law, this always increases (or stays the same) in an isolated system over time.
What is entropy?
If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, this must also be true about them.
What is they are in thermal equilibrium with each other (same temperature)?
This property describes how much energy is needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
What is specific heat capacity?
This law states that the change in internal energy equals heat added to a system minus the work done by the system.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
This happens to internal energy when both heat is added to a system and work is done on it.
What is internal energy increases even more (both inputs add energy)?
This law states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches this value.
What is zero?
What two temperature scales have the same degree change represented equally?
What is Celsius and Kelvin?
During this type of process, heat is added or removed but the temperature of the substance does not change.
What is a phase change?
When a system expands and does work on its surroundings, this happens to its internal energy (assuming no heat input).
What is internal energy decreases?
This explanation is used to describe why we can never reach a state of absolute zero.
What is, there is no such thing as a perfectly isolated system?