Wake Turbulence
What are the 4 FAA Wake Turbulence categories?
Super, Heavy, Large, Small
(AIM, PCG A-8)
A large flap angle allows a ______ takeoff weight for a given field length
A large flap angle allows a *higher* takeoff weight for a given field length (1-1, 1A3-7)
During heavyweight takeoffs, it is especially important to _____ the pitch after initiating flap retraction to prevent a flap overspeed while the flaps are still tracking.
During heavyweight takeoffs, it is especially important to *raise* the pitch after initiating flap retraction to prevent a flap overspeed while the flaps are still tracking. (3-3. 3.10)
What weight can the aircraft be landed at?
Any weight within the operating weight range of the airplane provided the maximum landing contact sinking speed is not exceeded ((II)-1, 5-44).
Define a "hard landing"
A hard landing is a landing which exceeds maximum landing sink rate ((II)-1, 5-45)
What word should pilots of "super" or "heavy" aircraft use in radio communications?
"Super" or "Heavy", as appropriate
(i.e. "Seattle Center, SUMO66, Heavy, Request")
(AIM, 7-4-7)
What two things do a large flap angle reduce?
Climbout capabilities and Acceleration capabilities (1-1, 1A3-7)
It is important that flaps never be retracted at airspeeds _____ than the ___ ______ _______, especially at high gross weights
It is important that flaps never be retracted at airspeeds lower than the flap retraction schedule, especially at high gross weights
(1-1, 1A10-14A)
During normal operation and training, what is the maximum landing gross weight? Touch-and-goes?
235,000 lbs (-135v3, 9.6.6.3)
200,000 lbs (-135v3, 9.3.2.2 & 9.6.6.3)
If the HD LDG annunciator does not illuminate, and a hard landing is suspected, what will crews do?
Annotate it in the AFTO Form 781 ((II)-1, 2-101), ((I)-1, 1-1177)
What is the weight required to be considered "Heavy"?
Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 lbs or more whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight. (AIM, PCG A-8)
20 degree flaps provide what three things "better"?
Better acceleration, climb capabilities, and distant obstacle clearance margins (1-1, 1A3-8)
What is the 4 Engine minimum flap retraction schedule?
30 to 20 degrees at Vco+10
20 to 0 degrees at Vco+25
(1-1, 1A10-14A)
For a 235,000 lbs 50 Flap landing, what does the 3-3 gives as a power pull and flare technique?
Power pull (greater than 200,000): 50 to 100 ft or prior to threshold crossing high (3-3, 3.17.6.1.1)
Flare (at 235,000 lbs): ~1-2 seconds after passing the threshold (3-3, 3.17.8.4)
If a hard landing occurs, and the aircraft takes off again, what three actions should the crew take?
Leave the gear down, terminate the mission, visually inspect the gear for damage and proper stripe alignment ((II)-1, 2-101).
Pilots of aircraft with strong wake vortices should make every attempt to do what two things while flying approaches?
1. Fly on, not above, glidepath or as closely as possible to a a "3-1" glidepath if glidepath guidance isn't available (AIM, 7-4-7)
2. Fly as closely as possible to approach course or extended centerline of the runway of intended landing (AIM, 7-4-7)
30 degree flaps may be required when what is *the* limiting factor?
Critical Field Length (1-1, 1A3-8)
What does the 1-1 recommend for flap retraction when it comes to a Heavy Weight 3 Engine scenario?
Flaps should be brought up in steps as the airplane is accelerated
(101, 1A10-14A)
540 fpm / 9 fps ((II)-1, 5-44, 5-50)
What is Vb? How does it relate to Vmb?
Vb is delayed breaking speed, it is a ratio of Vtd and has no relation to Vmb (1-1, 1A9-12F)
What are the two departure separation timings for a heavy aircraft?
2 minutes (or appropriate radar separation) but, it becomes 3 minutes when:
the heavy departs from an intersection on the same runway or a parallel runway separated by less than 2500’ *or* departs or has a low/missed approach in the opposite direction on the same runway or a parallel runway separated by less than 2500’
(AIM 7-4-8, 7-4-9)
30 degree flaps provide better "what" compared to 20 degree flaps?
Obstacle clearance for close-in obstacles (1-1, 1A3-8)
At heavy gross weights, when can you raise the flaps if the flap retraction schedule airspeed approaches or exceeds the flap placard speed due to increases for gusts?
Flap placard speed minus 5 knots will be used as flap retraction speed. (1-1, 1A10-14A)
What is the maximum landing sink rate at 235,000 lbs?
Max. Landing Sink Rate at 235,000 lbs is 450 fpm ((II-1), 5-50), (3-3, 3.17.8.4)
How does the HLI system calculate a hard landing?
The Hard Landing Indicator (HLI) system calculation is based on gross weight, vertical acceleration, and sink rate during 2 second intervals prior to either weight-on-wheels switch activation ((II)-1, 2-101), ((I)-1, 1-1177)