Head/Neck
Angle to assess for jugular venous distention?
45 degree angle
What does a normal tympanic membrane look like?
Pale, gray, ovoid, semi-transparent
Describe normal nasal mucosa color
Dark pink
True of false: Illicit substance use can lead to tooth decay
TRUE
Normal Cup-to-Disc Ratio
1:3
Thyroid assessment of the elderly?
Increased age= lower the thyroid
Have do you safely handle an otoscope?
1. Grip otoscope
2. Grasp helix (upper edge of ear)
3. Pull pinna up and back
4. Insert otoscope
5. Rest fingers against patient's head to avoid injury with sudden movement
What is the suspected diagnosis for the following exam: Pale, violet-tinged nasal mucosa
Allergic rhinitis
True or false: A mucocele is cancerous
FALSE
What does 20/60 vision screening result mean?
Someone with 20/60 vision can read at 20 feet away what a person with normal vision could read at 60 feet away.
What diseases would cause thyromegaly?
1. Hypothyroidism-Thyroid doesn't produce enough thyroxine (hormone)
2. Hyperthyroidism-Thyroid produces too much thyroxine (hormone)
What causes sensorineural hearing loss?
Inner ear pathology (CN VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR)
Cerebral cortex issue
Examples: Noise trauma, temporal bone fracture, infection, acoustic neuroma
What are possible causes of perforated septum?
Piercing or cocaine use
Palatial petechiae revealed on exam could indicate what diagnosis?
Mononucleosis
Difference between retinal arteries and veins?
Veins: Dark larger, pulsating vessels
Arteries: Thinner, red with gold light reflex vessels
What is the appropriate technique for assessing carotids?
-Auscultate first while holding breath. Bruit may indicate stenosis, >90% occlusion= no bruit due to low blood flow
-Palpate low in neck one at a time
What causes conducive hearing loss?
-Mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear
-Examples: Sound interference, such as otitis media, cerumen impaction, object in ear
What is a possible cause of nasal polyps?
Asthma
How is thrush differentiated from formula coating on an infant's tongue?
Thrush cannot be scraped off with tongue depressor
What is an accommodation response?
Accommodation response – dilates when focus is far; constricts with close objects
What would occipital lymphadenopathy indicate?
-Scalp infection/drainage
-Commonly seen in HIV infection
Where does the tuning fork get placed for Weber Test and Rinne Test?
Weber: Base of tuning fork on bridge of forehead
Rinne: In front of ear then mastoid bone
True or false: Antibiotics are always indicated for sinusitis
FALSE
What are signs of tonsillitis?
Erythema, increase in size of tonsils (usually bilaterally), and white, chunky exudates
What is the difference between consensual light reflex and direct light reflex?
Consensual: Normally contralateral pupil should also constrict when light is shown on to one pupil
Direct Light: Normal pupil reacts briskly and its constriction to light is well maintained