Head
What are the two different sinuses we assess?
Maxillary and Frontal
What are cataract?
Opacity of lens, typically due to age, clouded, blurry vision, glare from lights, poor night vision
Instrument used to view the ear
Otoscope
If you had unilateral clear drainage from the nose or ear after a trauma, what would be your first suspicion?
CSF fluid
What should lymph nodes feel like?
Soft, mobile, nontender, bilaterally equal
What are common headache-triggering foods?
Caffeine, alcohol, dairy, sugar, onion, gluten, nitrates/nitrites, citrus foods
What are normal variations of the eye for individuals with dark skin?
Yellow sclera because of melanin pigments
What are the normal vs. abnormal assessment findings for the ears?
Normal- symmetry, skin intact, smooth, no lesions or skin tags, proper skin tone, no discharge, no tenderness
Abnormal- asymmetrical, low-set ears, swelling, redness, lesions, discharge, bulging
What would you expect with a foreign body in the nose?
Obstruction of the airway, bleeding, swelling, tenderness
What are the normal vs. abnormal assessment findings of the mouth/throat?
Normal- pink, moist, no cracks, teeth well aligned, tonsils pink and moist, non tender salivary glands, rise of uvula when saying ahhh
Abnormal- dry cracked lips, loose teeth, white patches on tongue, ulcers, redness, tenderness, exudate, lesions, asymmetry
What are the normal vs. abnormal assessment findings for the head?
Normal- symmetrical, no drooping, normocephalic, no swelling, even hair distribution, warm dry skin, no tenderness
Abnormal- asymmetry, swelling, facial drooping, lesions, rashes, unusual growth on scalp, hair loss, redness, itching
What does the corneal light reflex tell us?
Used to assess eye alignment and detect abnormal conditions
Otomycosis
Fungal infection of the external ear.
What do different types of drainage represent?
Clear/Watery- allergic rhinitis or viral
Thick and Yellow or Green- bacterial infection or sinusitis
Bloody- dry, excessive nose blowing
Frothy- presence of CSF
What are the risk factors for oral cancer?
Genetics, tobacco, alcohol, melanosis, HPV, age, sun exposure, gender
How do you differentiate “dizziness”
Presyncope (before fainting), disequilibrium (loos or lack of equilibrium or stability), vertigo (spinning sensation usually related to inner ear), lightheadedness
What do direct and consensual mean in relation to pupil reactivity?
Direct- Pupil constricts with light shining in the eye
Indirect- Pupil not getting direct light still constricts
What are the risk factors for hearing loss? What is Conductive and Sensorineural hearing?
Conductive- interference of air conduction to middle ear (blockage)
Sensorineural- Caused by structural damage or problems with auditory nerve
RISK FACTORS- genetics, noise exposure, age, lifestyle, medical conditions
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose
Rhinitis
What is the difference between a cold sore and a canker sore?
Canker- non contagious, inner cheek, lips, soft palate, round, white or yellow
Cold- contagious, herpes, on or around the lips, fluid-filled
What are the 4 different types of headaches and their presenting symptoms?
Post traumatic- dull, generalized, difficult concentrating, dizzy, giddiness
Tension- located in front or back of head, unilateral, tightness in jaw, neck, face
Migraine- throbbing pain, aura, nausea/vomiting, long lasting, happen less frequent than cluster
Cluster- Pain over the eye, temple, forehead and check, burning or stabbing feeling behind one eye, repeat multiple times a day, short lasting
What is nystagmus? What do the six cardinal fields help us see? (2 things)
Rapid involuntary and repetitive eye movement that can affect balance, vision and coordination.
SIX Cardinal fields- help us see the full range of motion of eye movement and coordination, smoothness and accuracy, alignment, strength
What’s the difference between otitis externa and otitis media?
Otitis Externa- Outer ear canal
Otitis Media- Middle ear
What are the normal vs. abnormal assessment findings of the nose?
Normal- symmetrical, skin in tact, proper skin color, no lesions, no swelling, no drainage, mucosa is pink and moist, no bleeding, not swollen, septum is midline, clear airflow, non tender
Abnormal- Bright red or pale mucosa, purulent discharge, swelling, lesions, deviated septum, obstructed airflow, tenderness
What are the ten Lymphnodes in order, and show them to the class
Preauricular, Postauricular, Occipital, Posterior cervical, Jugulodigastyric, Submandibular, Submental, Superficial Cervical, Deep cervical Chain, Supraclavicular.