Morphology
What stem characteristic can you key off of for identifying helianthus spp.?
Glabrous vs. glaucous stems
True or False? Helianthus laevigatus leaves are petiolate.
How do the habitats that Helianthus atrorubens and Helianthus occidentalis inhabitat differ?
H. atrorubens occurs in dry woodlands and clearing; H. occidentalis grows on riverscour.
List at least 2 locations with the greatest diversity of the Violaceae family.
Appalachian mountains, Great Lakes, Atlantic Piedmont, Ozarks, Mississippi embayment, pacific coastal states and rocky mountains
Asteraceae
Cauline: growing along the stem, especially the upper portion of the stem.
Basal: leaves only attach to the base of the stem, near the ground.
Two dispersal syndromes of genus Viola
Myrmechory: capsules disintegrate. release seeds on ground around maternal plant
Diplochory: ballistic dispersal, usually then followed by ant dispersal.
What kind of habitat can Helianthus angustifolius be found in?
Bogs, wet flatwoods, moist to wet clearings
How many species of Helianthus are in Virginia?
16
What does a composite flower consist of?
Ray and disk florets
Describe the difference between chasmogamous and cleistogamous
Chasmogamous: flowers that open to allow for cross pollination
Cleistogamous: small, closed, self-fertilizing flowers
What is the difference between caulescent and acaulescent violets?
Caulescent violets have aboveground stems bearing leaves. Acaulescent violets only have basal-like leaves.
What habitat can Viola tenuisecta be found in Virginia
Shale barrens.
How many species of Viola are in Virginia?
32. Not 31. Not 33. 32
True or False? Stamens of Viola have an elastic blue connective appendage.
False, its actually orange
When talking about viola hybridization, most groups almost always produce sterile F1s except for which group of violets?
Acaulescent blue violets
Which Viola species has been integrated into the pansy breeding program?
V. tricolor
What habitat types can Helianthis hirsutus (the hairy sunflower) be found out?
Dry and calcareous forests
How many transcontinental species of Viola are there?
3. V. adunca, V. nephrophylla, and V. renifolia
List 3 of the genera used as a economic food source in the Asteraceae family.
Lactuca = Lettuce, Cynara = artichoke, Helianthus = sunflower
1. pollinator pushes head into flower to get nectar in spur, droplet exudes from style, pollen on its head from previous flower is scraped into droplet on stigma
2. Lifting style opens gap in staminal cone, pollen from current flower falls onto pollinator's head, covering older pollen
3. Pollinator removes head, style snaps back into position, sucking in droplet with pollen.
Name 3 areas where the Violaceae has the greatest diversity in North America.
Appalachian Mountains, Atalantic Piedmont, and the Great Lakes
What ecoregion(s) is Helianthus laevigatus (the smooth sunflower) found in?
common in the mountain and rare in the Piedmont.
List 2 of the major difference in flower parts between the subfamilies Rinoreeae and Violeae
rinoreeae = actinomorphic and lack floral spurs
violeae = zygomorphic and floral spurs