theorists
psychoanalysis
freud
this theory works to help children and individuals express emotions nonverbally, particularly in cases of trauma, abuse, or developmental disorders
art therapy / play therapy
what is this: fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says
active listening
Ripple Effect: consequences of the primary loss, e.g. losing a spouse also means losing a best friend, co-parent, and daily companion
secondary loss
attributing one’s unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person
projection
behavior
skinner, Watson, pavlov
using eye movements to help individuals process and reduce distress from traumatic memories.
emdr
what is gently challenging inconsistencies in the client’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
confrontation
layered emotional, psychological, and cognitive challenges, e.g. a tragic event with multiple deaths (bereavement overload)
multiple losses
justifying behaviors or thoughts with logical but false explanations
rationalization
existential
frankl, may, yalom
theory works to help clients focus on solutions rather than problems, emphasizing strengths and future goals.
solution focused
restating what the client says in different words to clarify understanding
paraphrasing
sudden, violent, or destructive loss, e.g. homicide, genocide, mass murder, or suicide
traumatic loss
absorbing and internalizing the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of others
introjection
interpersonal
Klerman, weissman
abc model works to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with rational, adaptive thoughts
rebt
what is reassuring the client that their experiences and feelings are common
normalizing
losses that go unrecognized or overlooked, e.g. a child raised in a shelter, experiencing unseen trauma
obscured loss
a therapeutic technique that exposes a client to their fears in a controlled but intense manner to reduce anxiety
flooding
emotion focused
Greenberg, Elliott
empty chair works to increase self-awareness and integration of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in the present moment
gestalt
what is explored belief in one’s ability to influence outcomes
self efficacy
not publicly mourned or socially supported, e.g. loss of a pet, loss in elderly populations
disenfranchised loss
adopting characteristics of someone else, often as a means of self-protection
identification