heme & lymph 1
1. the nurse calls your patient a “universal donor”. What is their blood type?
2. the nurse calls your patient a “universal recipient”. What is their blood type?
1. type O blood
2. type AB blood
name the different blood types in the ABO system
1. type A
2. type B
3. type AB
4. type O
What are the WBCs that are the "first responders" at the site of an injury and the "first responders" or first line of defense against bacteria?
neutrophils
what class of medication inhibits COAGULATION of blood
Anticoagulants - this is a medication that helps prevent blood clots. They're given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of developing serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks.
1. where is the cervical area of the spine?
2. where are the cervical lymph nodes located?
1. in the neck region - above the thoracic area
2. in the neck
1. what WBCs are granulocytes?
2. what WBCs are agranulocytes?
1. BEN - basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils - the granulocytes are "filled (philled)" with grains.
2. monocytes and lymphocytes (the cytes have no grains)
what is one of the Key players in clotting?
thrombin
what does hemostasis mean?
cessation (stopping) of bleeding
1. what are the 4 plasma proteins we discussed?
2. which plasma protein helps our body to maintain osmotic pressure?
3. why is osmotic pressure important?
1. Albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, & Globulin
2. albumin - Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues
3. osmotic pressure is what maintains our blood pressure & proper fluid volume
1. There are 4 groups of plasma proteins. Where are they manufactured?
2. what are these proteins?
3. what is the function of gamma globulin?
1. in the liver
2. albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, & globulin
3. gamma globulins are antibodies that help provide immunity against infections and diseases
1. what is hematopoiesis?
2. where are ALL of the formed elements of blood (WBC,RBC, PLT) made?
1. the formation of ALL of the blood cells (ALL of the formed elements of the blood)
2. All of the formed elements of the blood are made in the red bone marrow
how much blood is in the human body?
between 4 and 6 liters - around 5L is the average volume of blood in the human body
1. what is the other name for WBCs?
2. what is a low WBC count called?
3. what may cause a high WBC count?
1. leukocytes
2. leukocytopenia
3. an infection can elevate WBCs and leukemia (a cancerous change of the blood and bone marrow which causes significant overproduction of white blood cells)
1. what are Lymph nodes?
2. what is lymph?
3. how is backflow of fluid prevented in the lymph system?
1. Small masses of special lymphoid tissue along a lymphatic vessels is termed a lymph node. - lymph is filtered in the lymph nodes. “swollen glands” are inflamed lymph nodes. Lymph tissues filter blood, destroy pathogens, and develop antibodies against antigens
2. the fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system is called lymph
3. the lymphatic systems has valves that shut to prevent backflow of fluid
where do T lymphocytes originate from & where do they mature?
T cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
Name the pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells
hemoglobin
1. what is the main function of the RBC?
2. what protein allows the RBC to perform this function?
3. what may happen if a patient has low levels of the ABOVE protein?
4. what is the other name for RBCs?
1. to carry oxygen to cells/tissues
2. hemoglobin - Hemoglobin contains iron, which allows it to bind to oxygen
3. decreased hemoglobin levels can cause breathing issues - low hemoglobin=low O2 level=breathing problems
4. erythrocytes
1. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements, including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. How much of our blood is WBC/platelets, RBCs, and plasma?
2. what is the majority of plasma composed of?
3. is plasma considered the "liquid portion" of the blood?
1. WBC/platelets = less than 1%; RBCs = 45%; plasma = 55%
2. 90% water
3. YES!
1. where are the tonsils located?
2. what are the tonsils?
1. in the back of the throat
2. Masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat
The lymphatic system drains excess interstitial fluid, recycles and returns excess proteins to the systemic circulation, contributes to our body's immunity and prevention of metastasis of malignant tumors.
? What other function does the lymphatic system perform?
It is involved in the absorption of digested fats
1. what is the function of WBCs?
2. what is the other name for WBCs?
1. WBCs defend our bodies against pathogens (disease causing organisms)
2. leukocytes
1. what is the function of our platelets?
2. what is the other name for platelets?
1. they are involved in blood clotting
2. thrombocytes
what is the normal range for WBCs?
The normal number of WBCs in the blood is 5,000 to 9,000 WBCs per microliter - (Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different labs). a very common value is 8,000 WBCs/mcL
what are some effects of aging on the blood and lymphatic systems?
•Decreased blood volume
•Hemoglobin levels decrease (puts one at risk for breathing/oxygenation issues)
•Hematopoiesis decreases
•Leukocyte production decreases - less of a response to infection
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45