Mendelian Genetics
Law that states alleles separate during gamete formation
Law of Segregation
Probability of Aa × Aa producing aa
25%
What type of inheritance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype?
Codominance
Symbol for male
Square
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa × Aa) with complete dominance?
3:1
Difference between genotype and phenotype
Genetic makeup vs expressed traits
Genotypic ratio of Aa × Aa
1:2:1
What type of inheritance results in a blended phenotype in heterozygous individuals?
Incomplete dominance
If a trait is recessive, what genotype must an affected individual have?
Homozygous recessive (aa)
What is the probability that a heterozygous individual (Aa) produces a gamete carrying the recessive allele?
50%
Why recessive traits can skip generations
Presence of heterozygous carriers
What is the phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa × Aa) with complete dominance?
3:1
What is the human blood type that demonstrates codominance?
AB blood type
If a trait is dominant, what genotype can an affected individual have?
Homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)
What is the probability that two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) will produce a homozygous dominant offspring?
25%
Alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment
What is the probability that two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) will produce a heterozygous offspring?
50%
Why are X-linked traits more commonly expressed in males?
Males have only one X chromosome
If a female is affected by an X-linked recessive trait, what must be true about her father?
He must be affected
Why two heterozygous parents can produce unaffected offspring
Offspring inherits two recessive alleles (aa)
What is the specific process during prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA?
Crossing over
What is the probability that two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) will produce an offspring with the dominant phenotype?
75%
What inheritance pattern is indicated when more males are affected and there is no father-to-son transmission?
X-linked recessive
If two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) have four children, how many would be expected to show the recessive phenotype?
1
Inheritance pattern when only males are affected and mother is unaffected
X-linked recessive with a carrier mother