Sleep
Having internal origin
Endogenous
List and describe the three types of benefits that can be used to incentivise behavior change.
Direct: $$$
Indirect: has value but is not cash
Reimbursement: paid back for something you've already paid for
Primary reason for conducting a senior fitness assessment.
To determine if adequate functional capacity exists for the individual to perform ADLs safely and independently.
Compare plaques and tangles
Plaques: Beta amyloid (protein) accumulates outside of the cell. Interferes with cells ability communicate to each other. Causes neuronal death.
Tangles: Tau (protein) is disrupted within the cell. Impairs the cells ability to transport nutrients. Causes neuronal death.
List three things you may want to consider doing in order to "prepare to get Alzheimer's disease"
Hobbies: hands on, familiar
Physical activity: balance and strength training
Try to become a better person
Compare REM vs slow wave sleep
REM: lots of brain activity, low amplitude waves, muscle atonia, more prevalent later in the night, dreams.
SWS: "deep sleep", high amplitude slow waves, more frequent earlier in the night.
REM and non-REM cycles throughout the night lasting ~90 min
What is the "crowding out effect"
Using extrinsic rewards (e.g. money) for participating in potentially interesting task (e.g. physical activity) may reduce intrinsic motivation once the incentive is no longer offered.
Inter vs. intra-rater reliability
Inter-rater: two different people test the same subject twice, get the same result
Intra-rater: same person tests the same subject twice, gets the same result
Compare/contrast early vs. late-onset AD.
Early: 5-10% of cases; caused by genetic mutation; 50% someone will get it if one parent has it; symptoms generally begin before age 65
Late: 90-95% of cases; no single cause
List 3 examples of situational variables that impact exercise motivation
SES
Race/ethnicity
Climate
Access to resources and knowledge
Leadership and guidance
Social support
Describe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). What are some symptoms, risk factors and treatments?
Reduced oxygen, frequent arousals, nocturnal gasping/choking. Smaller airway. Frequently stop breathing during sleep. Risk factors: obesity, male, large neck, physical abnormality. Treat with CPAP
What is present bias?
The tendency to act in favor of one's immediate self-interest at the expense of long-term well-being
Why is BMI not a great predictor of disease risk in some seniors?
The frail elderly. BMI may underestimate disease risk in individuals with low body weights but high fat mass and low muscle mass.
List 4 symptoms of AD
Challenges with problem solving
Difficulty completing familiar tasks
Confusion with place/time
Problems with communication
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in personality
Inability to perform ADLs
Describe sleep related eating disorder. What are some symptoms, risk factors and treatments?
Eating episodes while asleep, unaware of behavior. Adverse consequences if consume something dangerous (bleach). Risk factors: female, other eating disorder. Prevention: lock cabinets/fridge.
San Diego Chargers vs. Jacksonville Jaguars playing on Thursday night. Who has the advantage and why?
San Diego (west coast team)
Games start at 8:30 eastern time. By the end of the game, the east coast team is well past their circadian peak. West coast team is playing at/near their peak.
Define purpose and give an example of how you could utilize this concept to encourage physical activity.
"The desire to do what we do in the service of something large than ourselves"
Examples: Race for the Cure, MS ride, encouraging pregnant women to exercise for the health of their child (FOAD)
List 5 criteria for a useful fitness assessment
Safe
Valid
Reliable
Practical: quick/easy/inexpensive
Normative data exists
Motivating
Socially acceptable
Sensitive
List 5 risk factors for AD.
Age
Family Hx
APOE-4
MCI
CVD risk factors
Lack of social or cognitive engagement
TBI
Describe how the current COVID-19 pandemic is influencing the PI/SB pandemic, or vice versa.
Suspension of opportunities for PA (gyms, parks, school activities, cardia rehab).
Social isolation associated with inactivity.
Inactivity increased chronic disease risk, resulting in more susceptible populations.
Describe the relationship between zeitgebers and circadian phase markers.
Light suppresses melatonin expression which may suggest incorrect timing of melatonin peak.
Exercise can increase cortisol which may suggest incorrect timing of cort peak.
Outside temperature can influence core body temperature which may suggest incorrect timing of core body temp drop.
List 4 personal variables that impact exercise motivation
Self-efficacy (perceived competence)
Perceived fitness status
Body image
Personality: introversion vs. extroversion, persistence, optimism vs. pessimism, anxiety
Previous experience/injury
Enjoyment of exertion
Expectations of social network
Current health status
Purpose of 8-foot up and go test
To assess the agility and dynamic balance important in tasks that require quick maneuvering
What is cognitive reserve? How can it be improved
The functional capacity that exists at a given time that is above that required for independence.
Exercise, social and cognitive engagement, proper nutrition, education/continued learning
How may a diet rich in antioxidants impact cognitive function and/or AD pathology
Reduce ROS production/oxidative damage
Improve cognition (delay the onset of cognitive decline)
May reduce beta amyloid deposits or slow production