General Philosophy & Principles of Intervention
What scopes of practice are included in the “before”?
Prevention, screenings, and consultation
What are the principles of intervention based on?
The scientific method- behavior theory, cognitive theory, social theory, humanistic experiential theory
How recent do tests have to be taken to be used in creating therapy targets?
6 months
What must you account for when writing goals?
S- specific (goals must be specific)
M- measurable (to take data)
A- accuracy
R- realistic/functional- goals must pertain to real life
T- timely (done in a specific time frame)
What scopes of practice are involved in “the during”?
Assessment, diagnosis, intervention, management, and counseling
What are a few components of aural rehabilitation?
Auditory training, checking amplification devices, sign language for hearing loss, and speech reading
What are case histories and why are they important?
Can include birth history, developmental milestones, educational and medical history, and other important info. It also describes the impact of communication difficulty. Allows for appropriate diagnostic measures, test accommodations and behavior management considerations.
What are the steps to selecting targets for therapy sessions?
Select from test data- has to been from within 6 months, can be standardized or nonstandardized, or from a screening
Baselines- clinician designed test to elicit where the client is currently performing
Select long term goals using either normative or client specific strategy
What should you avoid when writing the “do” statement?
Avoid statements that are not measurable such as…
Improve ability to answer questions
Learn to identify the main idea
Comprehend vocabulary
Name a few components of “language and cognition” that SLP’s may be expected to address
Writing, memory, executive function, syntax, attention, auditory comprehension, oral expression, morphology, etc to name a few
What are the 4 main areas of practice?
Technical skills: goal formulation, task hierarchies, data collection, counseling, materials selection, behavior management, reinforcement and feedback
problem solving: programming, task adjustment, teaching strategies, prioritizing, communication style
communication skills: oral and written
personal and professional qualities: empathy, energy, timeliness, flexibility, teamwork
What does it mean and why is it important to have a therapeutic mindset?
To have awareness of options and preparedness to select and implement the appropriate action, every client is different so we need to tailor our plans and goals. Our role as SLP’s is to be empathetic, caring, and have good communication skills.
What are the levels of clinician support in task mode?
Spontaneous
cue/prompt
Imitation
Describe the fading method when changing the condition in short term goals
Ex. going from maximum cues, moderate cues, minimum cues, no cues
What can help to increase generalization and crossover?
Varying…
The stimuli
The physical location of therapy
The audience with whom targets are practiced
Name and describe the basic principles that support effective intervention
Dynamic: moving; not constant; not static; ex. Goals can change over time; always fit need of client
Individualized: meet the individual clients needs
Scientific: works on a scientific process
Structured to include clients cultural and linguistic background: make sure not to misdiagnose, overdiagnose, and underdiagnose
Consider cognitive functioning: consider the mental age of the client
Teach strategies: strategies they respond to best
Challenging: makes the client think, but not too hard
Consistent: timing and scheduling
Functional: realistic situations that can pertain to real life
What is the basic concepts learning theory and who does it work for?
When you’re teaching, you want to focus on very basic concepts then eventually build into more complex ones
Works better for those who need more help
Concrete -> abstract
General -> specific
Simple -> complex
Attention & focus
Learning (processing and recall)
Personal, organized, linked to prior knowledge
Repetition
Rapport
Attention & focus
How do you develop a hierarchy of steps for addressing each target (goals)?
Each step in hierarchy is short-term behavioral objective
It MUST be observable and measurable
The hierarchy ends in mastery of long-term goals
How are short term goals and long term goals connected?
Long term goals are written for the overall skill to be achieved and short term goals are the steps that need to be taken to reach the long term goal- the final short term goal should mirror the long term goal
What is the emphasis of the Cognitive Theory?
Learning is based on the brain and beyond, not just the behavior. It highlights the importance of the entire human experience, not just the reward system. There will always be a level of behavior in speech therapy, but we do need to consider cognitive levels as well.
Why are the basic principles that support effective intervention important?
Develop programming
Implement behavior modification
Utilize teaching strategies
Determine the session design
Consistently collect data
What is the Behavior Theory and how is it used in our profession?
The behavior theory is shaped by how two events are connected and the type of reinforcement received (the environment shapes behavior). A person’s learning is shown by a change in behavior, uses example of rat being taught to be rewarded with food – relates to Pavlov.
We use this theory in speech, ABA, even in class (we work for grades, prof Thompson works for paycheck, rewards shape behavior!)
Name and describe the three factors that define and increase the level of difficulty of targets
Stimulus type- input used to elicit targeted response
Task mode- reflects the amount of clinician support
Response level degree of difficulty of target response
Name, describe, and give an example of the three factors that go into writing a goal
The “do” statement- what you want the client to accomplish (“produce /s/ in the initial position”)
Condition- the situation in which the behavior is performed (e.g. “during conversation”)
Criteria- how well the target behavior must be performed (e.g. “with 80% accuracy)
What is the rule of thumb for baselines?
20 stimulus items per target, targets are given at the same level
If baseline <50%, start at the next easiest level
If baseline 50-75%, start at THAT level