What is it?
Cr (VI), 6+ valence state
What is hexavalent chromium?
https://www.britannica.com/story/what-is-hexavalent-chromium-or-chromium-6
What are applications of chromium-6?
respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin, eyes
What are bodily systems affected by chromium-6 exposure?
groundwater
40%
What is the percentage of AZ water source coming from groundwater, 90% of Tucson's drinking water is composed of groundwater + CO river
100 ppb
What is EPA standard?
stainless steel
What is a metal alloy containing chromium-6?
1-3 g
NIOSH, ATSDR, EPA
What are regulatory agencies setting chromium-6 exposure standards?
Erin Brokovich
What is the biopic inspired by fight against hexavalent chromium pollution in Hinkley, CA?
chromium-3 and chromium-6
What is total chromium?
electroplating, leather tanning, textile production, fossil fuels
What are industries that involve hexavalent chromium?
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/chromium/signs_and_symptoms.html
Occupational asthma, eye irritation, damage, perforated eardrums, respiratory irritation, kidney damage, liver damage, pulmonary congestion and edema, upper abdominal pain, nose irritation and damage, respiratory cancer, skin irritation, and erosion and discoloration of the teeth
What are adverse health effects of chromium-6?
32x
What are Tucson levels of hexavalent chromium relevant to EWG health guideline of 0.02 ppb (0.649 ppb)?
avoid tobacco smoke, launder clothing from work sites, avoid older pressure treated lumber
animal metabolism, glucose regulation
roles of trivalent chromium (3+)
inhalation (workplace, tobacco smoke), drinking water/groundwater (ingestion), dermal contact (e.g., bathing)
What are exposure routes/sources of hexavalent chromium?
results from direct dermal contact/handling solids/liquids containing hexavalent chromium (e.g., portland cement)
What is allergic contact dermatitis?
reverse osmosis, ion exchange water treatment
What are most effective water treatment methods to filter out chromium-6?
wildfire smoke (ash)
What is a recent source of chromium-6 discovered by researchers?
https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1220340295/carcinogen-wildfire-ash-chromium-6-hexavalent-lung-cancer
animals, plants, soils (mineral deposits)
What are naturally occurring sources of chromium?
broccoli, potatoes, garlic
What are food sources of trivalent (CR3+) chromium?
crusted, painless lesions resulting from chromium contact with broken skin
What are chrome ulcers?
1.07
What is the overall cancer mortality risk of Cr(VI) resulting from workplace exposure? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6369173/
Norman, Oklahoma
U.S. city with highest hexavalent chromium contamination level in tap water