Renaissance
The 3 main qualities of the Renaissance, described in detail.
What is humanism, individualism, and secular spirit?
3 ways in which new monarchs consolidated power
What are financial independence, military independence, legal authority, popular loyalty, Machiavellian practices
Definition of the Price Revolution and the Commercial Revolution
PR: What is the gradual rise in prices over ~100 years
CR: Gradual shift from mercantilism to capitalism from 1250-1750
2 common criticisms of the Catholic Church that contributed to the success of the Protestant Reformation
What are pluralism/absenteeism, clerical ignorance, or clerical immorality
The time period for the wars of religion, roughly (saying early, mid, late of xth century is fine)
What is the mid 16th through mid 17th centuries?
Definition of civic humanism, and one example of a civic humanist.
What is the idea that it was an intellectual’s civic duty to use their humanist education to take part in government
The 2 social groups which lost the most from the advent of new monarchs
Who are the nobility and the clergy (the two groups at the top of feudalism)?
3 newly introduced technologies/inventions which allowed Europeans to traverse the Atlantic
What are the astrolabe, compass, and caravel? or others
The primary reason why King Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church. (bonus points if you can give the reason for the reason)
What is the pope refusing to anull his marriage with Princess Catherine of Spain.
(pope refused to anull it because the church was already weakened, so he didn't want it to seem fallible by undoing a marriage which it approved. Also because Rome was, at the time, surrounded by the HRE who happened to be ruled by the same monarch as Spain)
Spain's failed invasion of England, and the reason why it failed.
Primary idea discussed in the Book of the Courtier
The Renaissance man, a man who was very well versed in everything
The document that allowed for French monarchs to appoint bishops.
What is the Concordat of Bologna?
The treaty signed by the Pope which told Spain to expand west and Portugal to expand east.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The reason why Calvinism led to theocracy, especially in Geneva
What is predestination, as it's easier to believe oneself is elect if they are surrounded with other supposedly elect individuals?
The Spanish monarch who saw himself as the defender of Catholicism and invaded the predominantly Calvinist Netherlands
Who is Phillip II?
3 differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance art
I Ren N Ren
ideal beauty vs intense realism
theory vs observation
greco-roman vs own culture
religious and mythological vs religious and domestic
3 examples of Machiavellian practices done by new monarchs.
How did the fall of the Mongol Empire contribute to the Age of Exploration?
What is the lower stability along the Silk Road came less goods. Less goods meant higher prices, so merchants wanted a new way of accessing these goods to be profitable.
3 movements predating Luther which attempted to fix the Catholic Church
Wycliffe/Huss's ideas of putting scripture in vernacular, the concilliar movement, lay mysticism, and christian humanism
2 long term causes of the 30 years war, 1 religious and 1 political
R: What is the peace of augsburg/the counter reformation/the formation of military alliances?
P: What is Emperor Charles' abdication of the throne?
All components of a humanist education
What are grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics?
The English and French monarch dynasties which first rose as new monarchs
Who are the Tudors and the Valois?
The 3 main industries in the Americas, and why they were done in the Americas rather than the Old World
Cattle Ranches: need space for them, mostly used for leather
Silver mines: 70% of world's sugar found in Spanish territories
Sugar plantations: perfect climate for it
The 3 monarchs succeeding Henry VII and their policies regarding the Anglican Church.
Who are Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth?
Edward: made the church more than just ostensibly protestant, actually made it so you were saved by faith alone (lutheran ideal)
Mary: staunch catholic, repealing all Protestant legislation and issuing the Heresy Acts which allowed her to prosecute/persecute Protestants
Elizabeth: put herself at the head of the Church. made Anglicanism incredibly vague in order to minimize religious conflict. issued book of common prayer
The 3 Henrys and their religious affiliations, as well as their fates/acts following the war.
Guise: Catholic, assassinated by one of Valois' men
Valois: Catholic, assassinated by one of Guise's men
Navarre: Protestant, became king and publicly converted to Catholicism