Fundamental Movements
What is the difference between anterior and posterior?
Anterior: toward the front of the body
Posterior: toward the back of the body
What is the difference between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems?
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves that branch out from the CNS
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Veins: carry blood toward the heart
What is the most common type of bone in the body?
Synovial
What long bone lies under the thigh, or quad, muscles?
The femur.
What is the difference between superior and inferior?
Superior: toward the head
Inferior: away from the head
What is the difference between the efferent and afferent divisions of the nervous system?
Efferent: motor division
Afferent: sensory division
Name two functions of the respiratory system.
- Replacing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from blood
-Vocalization
–Regulation of the acid-base balance during exercise
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What is the difference between uni, bi, and multiplanar joints?
Uniplanar: movement in 1 plane
Biplanar: movement in 2 planes
Multiplanar: movement in all 3 planes
Describe the anatomical position?
A person standing erect with the head, eyes, and palms facing forward
What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? Give 1 example of each.
Somatic: Consciously controlled (blinking, knee jerk reflex)
Autonomic: Unconsciously controlled (heart rate, respiration, digestion)
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole: contraction phase; ventricles contract
Diastole: relaxation phase; ventricle fill
What are the components of the axial skeleton? Appendicular skeleton?
Axial: Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
What is the difference between the radius and ulna?
Radius: bone on the thumb side
Ulna: bone on the pinky side
The sagittal plane divides the body into _________ and ___________ sections. The frontal plane divides the body into __________ and ___________ sections. The transverse plane divides the body into _________ and ________ sections.
left, right
front, back
top, bottom
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? Give an example of each.
Sympathetic: fight or flight, dangerous situations
Parasympathetic: rest and digest, relaxing situations
What is the human breathing rate during rest and during exercise?
The breathing rate through the nose increases from 5 to 6 liters of air per minute at rest to 20 to 30 liters per minute during exercise
What is the difference between the proximal and distal epiphysis on a long bone?
Proximal: top end of the bone
Distal: bottom end of the bone
Give an example of 2 movements in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
Sagittal: anything forward/backwards
Frontal: anything laterally
Transverse: rotational movements
Describe the difference between pronation and supination, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, and adduction and abduction.
Pronation: rotating the hand medially from the elbow
Supination:rotating the hand laterally from the elbow
Dorsi:pointing the toes and foot toward the shin
Plantar: pointing the toes and foot downward
Adduction: toward the midline
Abduction: away from the midline
What is reciprocal inhibition? Give an example.
Describes muscles on one side of a joint contracting while the other side is relaxing.
Bicep curl - bicep contracts, triceps relaxes
Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart.
1- Blood enters the right atrium
2-it is pumped to the right ventricle, which sends it to the lungs (via the pulmonary arteries) to give off carbon dioxide and pick up fresh oxygen
3-Oxygenated blood returns to the heart (via the pulmonary veins) entering the left atrium
4-–It is then pumped to the left ventricle, which pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body (except the lungs).
Name the 4 types of bones found in the body and give an example of two.
Long: femur, humerus
Short: carpals, tarsals
Flat: skull, ribs
Irregular: vertebrae, hips
Name the vertebral regions from superior to inferior, and the number of each vertebrae in each region.
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccyx (4)