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Theoretical Perspectives & The scientific Method
Brain Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Language Acguisition
100
Changes and constancy from conception to death
What is Human Development
100
1. Germinal (conception-8/1 days later when the developing organism becomes attached to the wall of the uterus) 2. Embryonic (the time the organism becomes attached until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy when all the major organs have taken shape) 3. Fetal (9th week-birth first signs hardening of bones/ sexual characteristics)
What are the stages of prenatal develpment?
100
built in responses cause by certain stimulation, like sucking, rooting, moro, and grasping
What is a reflex and what is an example of one in an infant?
100
integrating sensory expirience and motor behavior
What is Sensorimotor?
100
1. phonology 2. semantics 3. syntax 4. Pragmatics
What are the four subsystems of language?
200
1. select a research question 2. Formuate testable hypotheses 3. test hypotheses 4. draw conclusions 5. make findings available
What is the 5 basic steps of the scientific method?
200
Substances that affect pregnance (alcohol, drugs, pollution, etc.)
What is a teratogen?
200
A fine motor skill is specific small movements, like pincer grip A gross motor kill is a large movement, like kicking
What are fine and gross motor skills?
200
Infants organize and adapt to their envionment
How are infancts active participance in their development according to Piaget?
200
0-12 months -prelinguistic developments 12 months -first words 24 months- first phrases 36 months- multiword sentences 48 months- gramatical morphology 60 months- complex syntax
What ar the language milestones?
300
There are nested level and interrelationships between levels
What is asuumptions of Bronfenbrenner's model
300
Experience expentant- those that seem to expect to happen by all humans (Seeing patterns) Experience Dependant- Those that are only initiated in responce to expirience (Cultural customs)
What is Expirence-expectant and Expirience-dependent functions?
300
Expirience can affect development because if you expirience something and the brain learns in those synapses ramain intact.
What is the role of expirience in human development?
300
understanding that an object exists across space and time, even twhen not immediately available
What is object perminence?
300
crying - at birth cooing - 2 months babbling - 5-9 month patterned speech- 12 month
What are prelinguistic developments?
400
Your genes from how you are vs. Your environments forms how you are
What is nature vs. nurture?
400
premature baby: an infant that is born prior to 37 weeks of gestation
What is preterm infant?
400
Turning of the head, changes in heartrate and rate of sucking Habituation- repeated presentation of the same stimulous Dishabituation- interest is renewed after the infant percieves a change
What is measures of sensory perceptions in infants.
400
1.motor skills 2. memory skills 3. inhibitory control
What are alternate explanations of Piget's findings?
400
need active participation in order to aquire its rules
What is the current understanding of language acquistion?
500
1. Frued- unconsious drives 2.Erikson-stages defined by developmental tasks 3. Behavioral- Conditioning 4. Piaget- qualitative changes Vygostsky- Social relations and practices
What are the major theories and theorist?
500
neurogenesis, neuronal proliferaition and migration in the formation of the cerebral cortex, synaptogenesis, synapse elimination/pruning, and myelination in the human brain
What is the min process in the development of the central nervous system?
500
Because there are basic milestones that everyone will meet, but idividual factors can affect it Ex. If babies are carried alot they will learn to walk later
Why can we say motor development is both univeral and individual?
500
1. Reflex schemas exercized 2. primary circular reactions (repetitions of actions that are pleasurable) 3. Seconddary circular relations (producing change in environment) 4. Cordinations of scondary circular reations (combining schemas to recieve desired affect) 5. Tertiary circular reaction (expimentation to see what consequences will be) 6. Begining of symbolic representation
What are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor period?
500
Nature- children have an inborn capacity to aquire language. Language is the role of biological maturation Nurture- the more a child is talked to the quicker they will aquire language. If a child is encouraged to speak they will aquire language faster.
How does nature and nurture affect language development?