Unit 3 AOS 1
Identify two environmental factors leading to variations in health status
-Work environment (e.g. exposure to UV, machinery, hazardous substances)
-Home environment (e.g. ventilation, design and safety, overcrowding, security)
-Geographical location (healthcare, fast food outlets, nutritious foods)
-Climate and climate change
-Urban design and infrastructure (roads, public transport, access to recreational facilities)
Identify 4 policies or practices of Old Public Health.
- Clean drinking water was provided
- Sewage systems were established, and sanitation was improved
- Better-quality housing and the elimination of housing slums
- Improved food and nutrition
- Improved working conditions
- Mass immunisation programs
- Establishment of public health campaigns
- More hygienic birthing practices
- Antenatal and infant welfare services were provided
- Quarantine laws
Identify 2 characteristics of:
- High income countries
- Low income countries
High Income: Low levels of poverty; Adequate housing; Access to facilities such as health care system; High levels of sanitation; High levels of education and employment; Higher LE
Low Income - High levels of poverty, including more people living extreme poverty; Less access to clean water; Low levels of education; Higher levels of inadequate housing; Higher birth rates; High U5MR + maternal mortality
Outline how SDG3 contributes to improved human development.
Achieving good health and wellbeing through work to end the epidemics of communicable diseases such as malaria, may mean that more children are well enough to go to school where they can learn to read and write, therefore allowing them to develop to their full potential.
Achieving universal health coverage may mean that everyone has access to health and wellbeing services. This may mean that people are able to have access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, which may educate them on types of contraception available, therefore expanding their choices.
Identify 2 examples of social sustainability
-Peace and security
-Gender equality
-Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection systems
-Access to safe and decent working conditions
-Promotion of political and legal rights
Using an example, explain the relationship between spiritual health and well-being, and mental health and well-being.
When someone has a meaningful job such as teaching, where they make a difference each day, they may feel a sense of purpose, which may lead to positive self-esteem. Positive thought patterns associated with their higher self-esteem may lead to a greater sense of belonging in the world as they feel connected to those around them through their actions.
Identify 2 advantages of the biomedical model, and 2 disadvantage of the social model of health
Advantages biomedical model - funding brings improvements in medical technology and healthcare, illnesses can be treated effectively, extends LE, improves quality of life and HALE
Disadvantages social model - not every illness can be prevented, doesn't promote development of technology and medical knowledge, does not address the health concerns of individuals, health promotion messages may be ignored
Name the 3 dimensions and 4 indicators of the Human Development Index
A long and healthy life - life expectancy at birth
Knowledge - mean years of schooling & expected years of schooling
Decent standard of living - Gross National Income per capita
Outline 4 features of effective aid
Partnerships, Ownership, Results focused, Monitoring and Evaluation
-Culturally sensitive
-Meets the needs of the local community
-Employs local people
-Implementation of sustainable programs
Define burden of disease, and compare this to double burden of disease.
Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called the DALY.
Double burden of disease is occurring in low income countries where they have burden related to lifestyle diseases, in addition to BOD related to communicable diseases. It is on the rise due to increased global marketing of processed foods, alcohol and tobacco.
Name all the dietary risks, and choose 1 to explain the impact on health status.
- Underconsumption of fruit, veg and dairy foods
- High intake of saturated fat, salt, sugar
- Low intake of fibre
- Must link one to Health Status
Identify a smoking health promotion program and explain how it reflects 2 action areas of the Ottawa Charter
Quit
B - Quit provides advice to governments regarding legislation and laws related to smoking, e.g. tobacco packaging laws
C - National tobacco campaigns provide information on how to quit smoking at no cost.
S - Aboriginal Quitline provides a culturally sensitive support platform for Indigenous Australians to quit smoking
D - Quit provides information on benefits of not smoking tobacco through mass media advertising
R - Provides free online training to health professionals to equip them with skills and knowledge to help their patients cease smoking
Discuss how digital technologies that enable knowledge-sharing may lead to improvements in health and well-being (2 dimensions).
Information sharing, such as advice regarding the COVID pandemic, may lead to better functioning of the body systems as it can help to educate people on how to reduce the spread of communicable diseases
Expansion of the mobile phone network may mean that more health promoting messages, such as how to keep safe from air pollutants during bushfires, can be shared, leading to reduced levels of stress and anxiety.
Describe how achievement of SDG 4: Quality education can promote human development.
SDG 4: Quality education is about ensuring all children have equal access to high-quality education at all levels, from pre-primary through to tertiary education.
Achieving this goal will promote human development because all children, boys and girls alike, will have the opportunity to gain numeracy and literacy skills, which will increase their capabilities and choices in life. A quality education will also allow children to lead productive and creative lives in accordance with their needs and interests.
Explain implications of the global trends: conflict and mass migration on health and well-being
Conflict - In areas where there is conflict, there may be greater rates of injury. Infrastructure to access basic resources may be destroyed, therefore limiting access to food and water which may increase malnutrition and reduce the functioning of the body systems.
Mass Migration - Being displaced, and not having security in the home may mean increased risk of gender based violence for women, which may lead to greater risk of STIs as well as greater levels of stress anxiety. Refugees may loose connection to friends and family which may lead to social isolation and lack of a supportive network of peers.
Outline the relationship between blood pressure and disease.
High blood pressure increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.
Hypertension causes the heart to work harder, which adds to the strain placed on the heart. Hypertension may mean that blood is not travelling as smoothly through the blood vessels as it should. This could mean that there is a blockage that could contribute to a heart attack or stroke. Hypertension also contributes to kidney disease as the kidney regulate blood pressure and when it remains high, the kidneys are overworked and can become damaged.
Explain how the NDIS promotes the health of Australians through sustainability and equity
Sustainability - The individualised plan means people only get the necessary funding (not more than they need) which means more Australians can access the NDIS and experience improved health outcomes
Equity - Individualised plans developed as part of the NDIS ensure those with more significant needs get greater assistance.
Discuss how economic sustainability may contribute to improved human development globally.
Job creation may mean that there is greater opportunities for employment. This may allow for more people to earn and income, which may mean they can afford to send their children to school, which may allow children to develop to their full potential through receiving an education
Outline two reasons why Australia provides aid to low- and middle-income countries.
Reasons why Australia provides aid to low- and middle-income countries include:
Outline 2 incentives for Australians to take out Private Health Insurance.
PHI Rebate - Individuals can receive up to a 25% rebate on the cost of their PHI based on their income.
Lifetime Health Cover - People who take out PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums every year they are over the age of 30
Age-based Discount - Insurers can offer a discount of up to 10% on hospital cover for those aged 18-29
Medicare Levy Surcharge - High income earners who do not have PHI pay an extra tax of 1-1.5% called the Medicare Levy Surcharge.
Compare and contrast the health status of those of high and low income groups. In your response, include discussion of a factor that may contribute to these differences.
Low income groups likely to have
- Lower LE
- Greater BOD for fatal and non-fatal outcomes
- Higher rates of mortality, disability, CVS, lung cancer, T2 diabetes
-Greater rate of potentially avoidable deaths
Factors could include higher levels of overweight & obesity in low SES, low birth weight in low SES, lower education and income in low SES, higher rate of unemployment in low SES, higher prevalence of fast food outlets in low SES areas, poorer quality housing in low SES
Answer must include "as compared to"
Identify an Australian Dietary Guideline and explain how it may contribute to improved health status.
ADG 3 - Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
May lead to reduced prevalence of type 2 diabetes if there is a reduced consumption of sugar. This may allow better glucose regulation as there is less likely to be spikes of blood glucose levels
Limiting foods high in saturated fat, may reduce the build up of plaques on the artery walls, which may reduced morbidity rates associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases
Explain how discrimination can lead to differences in health status for individuals.
Discrimination related to race may man that Indigenous people have to flee their homes to live in a foreign country. This may increase levels of stress and anxiety, contributing to increased incidence of depression and anxiety. Fleeing their home may also mean they may have less access to food and clean water, which may lead to increased rates of malnutrition and morbidity associated with communicable diseases.
Explain how achieving SDG 3 may lead to improvements in:
-Health and well-being
-Health status
-Human development
HWB - Achieving universal health coverage may allow for diseases such as TB to be treated, which may improve the efficient functioning of the body systems, in particular the respiratory system.
HS - Ensuring mothers have access to reproductive and sexual healthcare services including safe birthing practices, may help to reduce the U5MR.
HD - Ending the epidemic of communicable diseases, such as malaria through ensuring access to safe water and sanitation, may mean that more people are well enough to participate in social activities within their community and therefore allow them to have greater say in decisions affecting their lives.
Outline how global marketing and distribution has contributed to increased smoking rates in low- and middle-income countries.
Smoking is in decline in high-income countries, so tobacco manufacturers are targeting low- and middle-income countries to promote and sell their cigarettes.
Low- and middle-income countries are often poor and without the income to allocate to health promotion; therefore; people in developing countries may be unaware of the dangers of smoking, which could explain why rates are increasing.