Intro
Asian countries (India, Japan, Korea and Vietnam)
Which countries were collistin been used to increase body weight over growth in farm animals administered through feed?
11 months
Length of time for data collection
Farms were only selected from one area of India, Bangledesh. It could be interesting to see how multiple different areas of India exhibit differences in colistin resistance.
What is one form of bias used from farms selected?
mcr-1
What bacterial gene variant was found in sewage in another study in Bangledesh?
Figure 3
Which figure was displayed in journal club and discussed for natural selection vs colistin resistance?
mcr-1
What was the name of the collostin resisant gene?
E.Coli
What gram-negative bacteria was used for the susceptible-control reference strain for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assessments?
Runoff and pollution of colistin into the Bay of Bengal body of water river systems. Due to potentially incorrect amounts of doses given to poultry led to as much runoff as was detected.
Why were native and production poultry chickens both testing for similar bacterial isolates at similar levels of colistin?
What is the overall conclusion of how chickens have developed mcr genes by gut-bacteria and an increased acquision of higher phenotypic resistance?
Antibiotic Resistance tested in chickens vs colistin resistancce
How does Maryann Khong's (presenter) research focus relate to the presented research?
Growth, therapeutic, and prophylactic promotion services
What is the function of adding collistin to feed?
PCR and BLAST
How was the mcr-1 gene sequenced?
Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, E.coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Enterobacter spp
What were some bacterial isolates found in the study to be capable of carrying mcr-genes?
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
What could explain the phenotypic expression of colistin resistance in native chickens tested and the transmission of the mcr gene?
Only use antibiotics prescribed by a certified health professional. In the study, 80% of farmers were not professionally trained to administer doses of veterinary medicine, yet all of the managers interviewed were familiar with multiple different brands of over the counter antibiotics. This could suggest that multiple farm managers had given antibiotics to their chickens while not being professionally trained to do so.
How do the results of antibiotics detected in the paper reveal how India is not complying with WHO global standards for managing antibiotic resistance?
High case fatality rate in humans
Reason why an outbreak of colistin resistant genes are being researched
The (21) poultry farms where data was collected was volunteer based. Also farmers completed a survey to account their own opinions and practices (survey could have dissuaded certain farms to/to not participate in study).
What was a bias discussed in the journal club meeting in which could have majorly impacted the results?
mcr-positive bacteria, becuase it only exists at high concentrations of colistin.
Based on figure 3, which isolate type can be treated as an indicator that a farm is utilizing colistin in its flocks?
Cross-sectional study design with limited resources and the information collected by the farm managers were self-reported.
What were some limitations of the study?
The large poultry farm data can relate to US commerical poultry management, and the native/small poultry farms can relate to home-kept or free range poultry in the US. Management for antibiotic resistance preventative measures. Prioritize clean, filtered water, and use mindful practices to prevent runoff from waste that could impact the natural environment or other farms.
How does this study relate to commerical poultry management in the United States?
phenotypic colistin resistance in farm-origin poultry chickens in Bangledesh
What is the objective of the study?
Only measuring antibiotics lost in feces. Researchers could have also analyzed the gross amount of antibiotics in feed to analyze digested antibiotics by poultry.
What data is missed from only collecting chicken faeces?
The natural waterways reveal the potential for poultry waste runoff to deliver (undigested) colistin to any other poultry farm that utilizes that natural water source. There were farms tested in the study which stated that they did not use colistin but their chickens tested positive for having consumed colistin.
What environmental feature of Bangledesh revealed a major cause for concern for poultry farms and the public in terms of colistin resistance emerging?
Relationship between implementing colistin and traditional animal husbandry, other varieties of gut-bacteria present, co-occurances of colistin resistant genes, carriage of mcr genes, and genotypic-phenotypic relationship with colistin resistance in chickens.
What are some future studies to be implemented with these findings?
The five freedoms are globally accepted guidelines for how to treat and care for animals. Continuing the discussion on the importance of including research on antibiotic resistance in poultry should be commonly listed in research papers concerning animal welfare. This issue is becoming more prevalent and more research is needed for further understanding in prevention and minimizing of antibiotic resistance.
How does this paper, focused on microbiology in poultry, relate to current research in poultry welfare?