Bones & Muscles of the Hip
What is the primary bone that forms the hip joint?
Femur
Which bone is commonly referred to as the kneecap?
Patella
What is the larger bone of the lower leg called?
Tibia
What is the name of the bone that forms the heel?
Calcaneus
Name the three bones that make up the pectoral girdle.
Clavicle, Scapula, and Humerus.
Name the muscle responsible for hip flexion.
Iliacus, Psoas, Pectineus.
Identify the primary muscle group that extends the knee.
The primary muscle group responsible for extending the knee is the quadriceps femoris. This group consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
Name the main muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.
Tibialis Anterior
Identify the muscle responsible for flexing the toes.
The muscles responsible for flexing the toes are the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus for the toes and big toe, respectively. These muscles contract to curl the toes downward.
Which muscle is responsible for the abduction of the arm at the shoulder?
Deltoid
What are the three bones that make up the pelvis?
ilium, ischium, & pubis
What ligaments are critical for stabilizing the knee joint?
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
What are the two bones in the lower leg?
Tibia and Fibula
What is the function of the arch of the foot?
The arch of the foot serves as a shock absorber and provides flexibility and support during walking and running. It helps distribute body weight evenly across the foot, absorbs impact forces, and allows for efficient movement.
What type of joint is the elbow classified as?
Hinge Joint
Describe the function of the gluteus maximus.
The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the buttocks and is primarily responsible for hip extension, especially when the hip is in a flexed position (e.g., during standing up from a sitting position or climbing stairs). It also helps with lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.
Describe the function of the hamstrings at the knee joint.
The hamstrings, which include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, are primarily responsible for flexing the knee. They also assist with hip extension and help stabilize the knee during walking and running.
Describe the role of the gastrocnemius muscle.
The gastrocnemius is a major calf muscle responsible for plantar flexion of the foot (pointing the toes down) and knee flexion. It works together with the soleus muscle to form the calf and facilitate actions like walking, running, and jumping.
Identify the muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot.
Tibialis Anterior
Explain the difference between pronation and supination.
Pronation is the rotation of the forearm that causes the palm to face downwards, while supination is the rotation that turns the palm upwards.
Explain the role of the iliopsoas muscle in hip movement.
The iliopsoas muscle group (which includes the psoas major and iliacus) is the primary muscle responsible for hip flexion. It also plays a key role in stabilizing the pelvis during walking and running.
Explain the mechanism of injury for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear.
An ACL tear typically occurs when there is a sudden change in direction or deceleration while the foot is planted on the ground, often in activities like soccer or skiing. This can lead to excessive forward motion of the tibia relative to the femur, causing the ACL to stretch or tear.
Explain the significance of the tibialis anterior muscle in locomotion.
The tibialis anterior muscle plays a key role in dorsiflexion of the foot, which is essential for clearances during walking and running (i.e., lifting the foot off the ground to prevent tripping). It also helps with the inversion of the foot and stabilizes the ankle.
Explain how the muscles of the foot contribute to balance and stability.
The muscles of the foot play a crucial role in maintaining balance and stability during activities like walking, running, and standing. These muscles help adjust the position of the foot to the ground, stabilize the arch, and provide support for the ankle and toes, allowing for effective weight transfer and preventing falls.
What is the role of the interosseous membrane?
The interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna, providing structural support and allowing for the transfer of forces between the two bones.