Rulers and Reformers
This Frankish king was crowned Emperor by the Pope in 800 AD, symbolizing the fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic cultures.
Who is Charlemagne?
The practice of buying and selling church offices, which reformers hated.
What is Simony?
Unfree laborers who were tied to the land and owed labor to a lord.
Who are Serfs?
This term means "Rebirth" and refers to the revival of Classical Greco-Roman culture.
What is the Renaissance?
The holiest city in Islam and the birthplace of Muhammad.
What is Mecca?
He posted the 95 thesis in 1517 starting the protestant reformation
Who is Martin Luther?
The Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine literally transform into the body and blood of Christ.
What is Transubstantiation?
The stage of guild training between Apprentice and Master.
What is a Journeyman?
He painted The Last Supper and is a prime example of a "Renaissance Man."
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
This city was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and home to the Hagia Sophia.
What is Constantinople?
Defeated Muslim forces a the Battle of Tours in 732.
Who is Charles Martel?
The split between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches that occurred in 1054.
What is the Great Schism?
This "Great" event (1315–1317) was caused by wet seasons and the "Little Ice Age," weakening the population before the plague.
What is the Great Famine?
This political theorist wrote The Prince, arguing that for a ruler, "it is better to be feared than loved."
Who is Niccolo Machiavelli?
Martin Luther refused to recant his writings at the "Diet of" this German city.
What is Worms?
This Bishop of Hippo wrote Confessions and developed the theology of original sin
Who is St. Augustine of Hippo?
This Council (1545–1563) reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and reformed abuses in response to the Protestants.
What is the Council of Trent?
The ceremony where a vassal publicly pledges honor to a lord.
What is Hommage?
He sculpted the first free-standing nude statue (David) since antiquity.
Who is Donatello?
The Visigoths, led by Alaric, shocked the world by sacking this city in 410 AD.
What is Rome?
A Spanish priest who fiercely criticized the abuse of Indigenous peoples in the New World.
Who is Bartolomé de las Casas?
John Calvin’s doctrine stating that God has eternally chosen who will be saved and who will be damned.
What is PRedestination
The intellectual movement that focused on human potential, secularism, and the study of the humanities.
What is Humanism?
This Swiss city was the center of Huldrych Zwingli’s reformation efforts.
What is Zurich?