misc.
Captain Richard Henry Pratt, who founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, modeled the institution on his experience with Indigenous prisoners of war and operated under what motto?
a. "Peace on Earth and Good Will to Men."
b. "From the Land of the Free to the Home of the Brave."
c. "Kill the Indian and save the man."
d. "All Men Are Created Equal."
c. "Kill the Indian and save the man."
The "Long Walk" refers to the historic event where:
a. The Cherokee Nation was forcibly removed from their southeastern homelands to Indian Territory.
b. The Nez Perce people, under Chief Joseph, attempted to flee to Canada, covering over a thousand miles as the US army chased them.
c. Navajo civilians were forced to march three hundred miles to a military concentration camp.
d. Lakota warriors traveled to Washington D.C. to negotiate a treaty.
c. Navajo civilians were forced to march three hundred miles to a military concentration camp.
Who were the "buffalo soldiers"?
a. Indigenous scouts who were hired by the army to hunt buffalo.
b. Poor white immigrant soldiers, mostly Irish and German.
c. All-African American cavalry regiments sent west after the Civil War.
d. A special unit of the Confederate Army composed of enslaved people.
c. All-African American cavalry regiments sent west after the Civil War.
When the US military intervened in the Philippines in 1898, how did Admiral George Dewey refer to the Filipino people?
a. As "our little redskin brothers".
b. As "the Indians".
c. As "Spanish subjects".
d. As "fellow republicans".
b. As "the Indians".
How did the US government use the federal trusteeship system in relation to Indigenous funds?
a. It held the funds in trust and distributed them directly to Indigenous citizens for their welfare.
b. It used the funds to build schools and hospitals on reservations as requested by Indigenous leaders.
c. It invested Indigenous funds in railroad companies and state bonds without their consent.
d. It allowed Indigenous governments to have full control and management of their own funds.
c. It invested Indigenous funds in railroad companies and state bonds without their consent.
According to the text, the Army Corps of Engineers' assumed jurisdiction over the Missouri River, which set the stage for the Dakota Access Pipeline, was a direct violation of what?
a. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1935.
b. The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.
c. The 1944 Flood Control Act.
d. The Winters Doctrine of 1908.
b. The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.
On the eve of the Civil War, what was the primary role of the US Army?
a. To defend the eastern seaboard from European invasion.
b. To serve as a colonial army fighting Indigenous occupants of the land west of the Mississippi.
c. To build infrastructure like roads and canals.
d. To suppress slave rebellions in the southern states.
b. To serve as a colonial army fighting Indigenous occupants of the land west of the Mississippi.
According to the text, the "Five Civilized Tribes" in Indian Territory allied with the Confederacy for what two main reasons?
a. They were promised full US citizenship and representation in the Confederate Congress.
b. They believed the Confederacy would help them reclaim their original homelands in the Southeast.
c. They wanted to expand their territory into Kansas and Texas.
d. A nationalist defense of their sovereignty and a defense of slavery by the wealthy, slave-owning elite.
d. A nationalist defense of their sovereignty and a defense of slavery by the wealthy, slave-owning elite.
The Ghost Dance was a resistance movement that promised to:
a. Give Indigenous warriors magical protection from bullets.
b. Restore the Indigenous world, bring back the buffalo, and make the invaders disappear.
c. Help Indigenous people assimilate into American society to ensure that they survived long enough to save their culture.
d. Create a new, unified Indigenous government to negotiate with the United States.
b. Restore the Indigenous world, bring back the buffalo, and make the invaders disappear.
In the 1920s, the US government developed a policy of measuring "blood quantum" for Indigenous peoples, which contrasted with what rule used to classify African Americans?
a. The "one-quarter" rule.
b. The "visible heritage" rule.
c. The "cultural affiliation" rule.
d. The "one-drop of blood" rule.
d. The "one-drop of blood" rule.
What was President Theodore Roosevelt's view on the Filipino independence movement?
a. He believed the Filipinos had the right to govern their country because they occupied it.
b. He supported their independence movement as a way to weaken Spain's global influence.
c. He argued that Filipinos did not have the right to govern their country just because they happened to occupy it.
d. He referred to the Filipino leader Aguinaldo as a "great freedom fighter."
c. He argued that Filipinos did not have the right to govern their country just because they happened to occupy it.
The Sand Creek Massacre is described as an incident where:
a. Cheyenne warriors defeated a much larger US Army force.
b. Colorado Volunteers attacked the Cheyenne, killing and mutilating mostly women and children.
c. A conflict broke out between gold miners and Cheyenne hunters over buffalo herds leading to a drastically reduced food supply.
d. The US Army mistakenly attacked a Confederate unit disguised as Indigenous people.
b. Colorado Volunteers attacked the Cheyenne, killing and mutilating mostly women and children.
What was the main purpose of the land-grant laws passed by the Lincoln administration during the Civil War, such as the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railroad Act?
a. To create national parks and preserve wilderness areas.
b. To transfer large tracts of Indigenous land to states, settlers, and private corporations.
c. To return land to the Indigenous nations from which it had been taken.
d. To provide land for newly freed African Americans.
b. To transfer large tracts of Indigenous land to states, settlers, and private corporations.
What happened at Wounded Knee Creek on December 29, 1890?
a. A peace treaty was signed that ended the Indian Wars.
b. The US Seventh Cavalry massacred nearly 300 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children who were in the process of surrendering.
c. A battle occurred where Sitting Bull and his warriors defeated Custer's old regiment, resulting in "Custer's Last Stand," which served as a rallying cry for US imperialism.
d. A conference was held between the leaders of the Ghost Dance and the US government.
b. The US Seventh Cavalry massacred nearly 300 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children who were in the process of surrendering.
What was the 1917 Green Corn Rebellion?
a. A farmers' movement that peacefully protested US entry into World War I.
b. An armed uprising of white, Black, and Muskogee farmers in Oklahoma to stop the WWI draft and overthrow the US government.
c. A rebellious land rush by farmers into Indigenous territory in Oklahoma which ultimately lead to the name Sooners for the people of Oklahoma.
d. A food riot in Washington, D.C., led by hungry industrial workers.
b. An armed uprising of white, Black, and Muskogee farmers in Oklahoma to stop the WWI draft and overthrow the US government.
What new threat did many Indigenous veterans face upon returning home after serving in World War II?
a. They were stripped of their US citizenship.
b. They were denied their military pensions.
c. The very military they fought for was now threatening their homelands with dam projects.
d. They were forbidden from participating in their tribal governments.
c. The very military they fought for was now threatening their homelands with dam projects.
The Union Army's response to the 1862 Dakota Sioux uprising in Minnesota resulted in what event?
a. A peace treaty that restored all of the Dakota's ancestral lands.
b. The forced removal of the Dakota people to Indian Territory.
c. The largest mass hanging in US history, in which thirty-eight Dakota men were executed.
d. The assassination of President Lincoln by a Dakota warrior.
c. The largest mass hanging in US history, in which thirty-eight Dakota men were executed.
According to the text, the US Army-supported slaughter of tens of millions of buffalo was a deliberate policy designed to:
a. Create a market for commercial hunters and skinners.
b. Clear the plains for railroad construction.
c. Protect settler farms and cattle ranches from the buffalo herds.
d. Destroy the economic base of the Plains Nations.
d. Destroy the economic base of the Plains Nations.
Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, how did the US government and military recognize the soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry?
a. They were all court-martialed for war crimes because the US government wanted to present a better image of itself to the larger world.
b. The regiment was disbanded in disgrace.
c. Twenty of the soldiers involved were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.
d. They were ordered to pay reparations to the survivors.
c. Twenty of the soldiers involved were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.
The Termination Act of 1953, spearheaded by the Eisenhower administration, aimed to achieve what goal?
a. To end federal supervision and trust protections guaranteed by treaties for over a hundred Indigenous nations.
b. To decrease federal funding and support for Indigenous nations while their claims to natural resources so they could feed themselves.
c. To expand the federal trust protection for all Indigenous peoples.
d. To strengthen Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination.
a. To end federal supervision and trust protections guaranteed by treaties for over a hundred Indigenous nations.
What major public health crisis soared in Missouri River Indigenous communities after the dams destroyed their traditional food sources and they became dependent on USDA commodity foods?
a. Smallpox.
b. Tuberculosis.
c. Diabetes.
d. Influenza.
c. Diabetes.
After the Civil War, what was General William Tecumseh Sherman's stated policy regarding the Sioux?
a. To negotiate a lasting peace and respect their treaty rights.
b. That the army must act with work to eliminate the indigenous people as retribution.
c. That the army must quickly work to recruit them as scouts and soldiers because of "their innate abilities on the ground."
d. To provide them with food and supplies to prevent starvation.
b. That the army must act with work to eliminate the indigenous people as retribution.
What was the purpose of the 1956 Indian Relocation Act?
a. To move Indigenous nations to larger, more prosperous reservations.
b. To fund the relocation of Indigenous individuals and families from reservations to designated urban centers.
c. To return Indigenous peoples from cities back to their reservation homelands.
d. To create a single, large reservation for all Indigenous peoples in the United States.
b. To fund the relocation of Indigenous individuals and families from reservations to designated urban centers.
Senator Henry Dawes, author of the General Allotment Act of 1887, argued that the reservation system was flawed because it lacked what essential element "at the bottom of civilization"?
a. Christianity.
b. A written language.
c. Selfishness.
d. A formal army.
c. Selfishness.
When federal officials proposed relocating Indigenous agency headquarters to the white-dominated border town of Chamberlain, what was the reaction of the town's mayor?
a. He welcomed the idea as a way to promote integration and economic growth.
b. He threatened racial violence, stating, we won't live with them.
c. He offered to provide free housing and schooling for the relocated families.
d. He remained neutral, stating it was a federal matter.
b. He threatened racial violence, stating, we won't live with them.