Medieval Life and Society
This system structured medieval society with a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and peasants.
What is feudalism?
This cultural movement, which began in Italy, emphasized art, literature, and classical learning.
What is the Renaissance?
This German monk sparked the Protestant Reformation by posting his 95 Theses in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
This 17th-century war in England pitted Royalists against Parliamentarians, leading to the execution of King Charles I.
What is the English Civil War?
This pandemic killed nearly one-third of Europe’s population in the 14th century, leading to labor shortages and social upheaval.
What is the Black Plague?
This economic system of the Middle Ages centered around self-sufficient agricultural estates managed by lords.
What is manorialism?
This philosophy focused on human potential, classical learning, and secular achievements during the Renaissance.
What is humanism?
This theological belief, central to Calvinism, held that God had already determined who would be saved.
What is predestination?
This event in 1688 resulted in the overthrow of James II and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
This concept, central to Karl Marx’s ideas, explains the historical conflicts between groups like landowners and peasants or factory owners and workers over economic and social power.
What is class struggle?
This concept justified the rigid social hierarchy of the medieval world, positioning everything from angels to animals in a strict order.
What is the Great Chain of Being?
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, this machine revolutionized the spread of knowledge in the 15th century.
What is the printing press?
This movement, led by Catholic leaders, sought to reform the Church and counter Protestant teachings.
What is the Counter-Reformation?
This philosopher, author of Leviathan, argued that people needed a strong absolute ruler to prevent chaos.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This historian’s work outlined the common stages of revolutions, from rising discontent to radical change and stabilization.
Who is Crane Brinton?
In this system, peasants were bound to the land and could not leave without the lord’s permission.
What is serfdom?
This 16th- and 17th-century intellectual movement emphasized experimentation, observation, and empirical evidence.
What is the Scientific Revolution?
This term describes England’s break from the Catholic Church, initiated by Henry VIII.
What is the English Reformation?
This Enlightenment thinker believed in natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, and influenced modern democracy.
Who is John Locke?
This concept was key to Renaissance thinking and emphasized the importance of individual achievement and expression.
What is individualism?
This period, marked by crises like the Black Plague and the decline of feudalism, led to major societal changes in the 14th and 15th centuries.
What is the Late Middle Ages?
This astronomical theory, championed by Copernicus and confirmed by Galileo, placed the Sun at the center of the universe.
What is heliocentrism?
This 1524–1525 revolt in Germany was inspired by Reformation ideas but was ultimately crushed by noble forces.
What is the German Peasants’ Revolt?
This term describes rights that all people are born with and that governments must protect.
What are natural rights?
This method, developed during the Scientific Revolution, relies on systematic experimentation and observation.
What is the scientific method?