Catholic Reformation
Which pope initiated major reforms and created the Roman Inquisition in 1542?
A. Pius IV
B. Paul III
C. Leo X
D. Gregory XIII
B. Paul III
Who founded the Society of Jesus in 1540?
A. Francis Xavier
B. Ignatius of Loyola
C. Teresa of Avila
D. John Calvin
B. Ignatius of Loyola
Which king separated England from the Catholic Church in 1534?
A. Henry VIII
B. Henry VII
C. Edward VI
D. James I
A. Henry VIII
What term describes the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases after 1492?
A. Atlantic System
B. Oceanic Trade
C. Mercantile Circuit
D. Columbian Exchange
D. Columbian Exchange
Which conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire beginning in 1519?
A. Hernán Cortés
B. Francisco Pizarro
C. Vasco Núñez de Balboa
D. Pedro Cabral
A. Hernán Cortés
What was the main purpose of the Roman Inquisition?
A. Investigate heresy
B. Translate the Bible
C. Train missionaries
D. Collect church taxes
A. Investigate heresy
What nickname was commonly used for members of the Society of Jesus?
A. Dominicans
B. Carmelites
C. Jesuits
D. Capuchins
C. Jesuits
What law formally made the English monarch head of the Church of England?
A. Act of Union
B. Act of Supremacy
C. Magna Carta
D. Edict of Nantes
B. Act of Supremacy
Which crop from the Americas dramatically improved food supplies in Europe?
A. Rice
B. Wheat
C. Potatoes
D. Barley
C. Potatoes
What alliance helped Cortés defeat the Aztecs?
A. Maya kingdoms
B. Tlaxcaltec Confederation
C. Inca Empire
D. Tarascan Empire
B. Tlaxcaltec Confederation
What important reform of church education resulted from the Council of Trent?
A. Universal literacy laws
B. Seminaries to train priests
C. Public schools
D. Free monasteries
B. Seminaries to train priests
Which reformer revived strict poverty and prayer within the Carmelite order?
A. Teresa of Avila
B. Catherine of Siena
C. Hildegard of Bingen
D. Clare of Assisi
A. Teresa of Avila
Why did Henry VIII originally seek an annulment from the pope?
A. Religious disagreement
B. Financial dispute
C. Lack of a male heir
D. War with Spain
C. Lack of a male heir
Which disease had the most devastating impact on Indigenous Americans?
A. Plague
B. Influenza
C. Smallpox
D. Typhus
C. Smallpox
Who captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa?
A. Cortés
B. Pizarro
C. Magellan
D. Balboa
B. Pizarro
Which practice did the Council of Trent ban while still allowing the church to grant it?
A. Pilgrimages
B. Tithes
C. Sale of indulgences
D. Baptism
C. Sale of indulgences
Jesuit missionaries became notable for what strategy when spreading Christianity?
A. Military conquest
B. Adopting local languages and customs
C. Forced conversion
D. Destroying native traditions
B. Adopting local languages and customs
Which monarch attempted to restore Catholicism after Edward VI’s reign?
A. Elizabeth I
B. Margaret Tudor
C. Anne Boleyn
D. Mary I
D. Mary I
What term describes the catastrophic population collapse in the Americas after European contact?
A. Black Death
B. Great Dying
C. New Plague
D. American Crisis
B. Great Dying
What was the Spanish requirement that 20% of treasure be given to the crown called?
A. Royal tribute
B. Imperial tax
C. Royal fifth
D. Crown tithe
C. Royal fifth
Why did the Catholic Church insist the Bible remain in Latin rather than vernacular languages?
A. Printing limits
B. It avoided translation errors
C. Latin was easier to read
D. Only priests should interpret it
D. Only priests should interpret it
By around 1600, approximately how many students attended Jesuit schools across Europe?
A. 50,000
B. 120,000
C. 1 million
D. 250,000
D. 250,000
What religious group within the Church of England wanted a simpler church influenced by Calvinism?
A. Lutherans
B. Puritans
C. Jesuits
D. Anglicans
B. Puritans
Why were Indigenous Americans especially vulnerable to Eurasian diseases?
A. Lack of animal domestication exposure
B. Climate differences
C. Limited medicine
D. Poor sanitation
A. Lack of animal domestication exposure
What massive silver mining center in present-day Bolivia enriched the Spanish Empire?
A. Zacatecas
B. Potosí
C. Cuzco
D. Quito
B. Potosí