The Enlightenment
Why was Galileo put on trial in 1633 by the Catholic Church?
He supported the copernican theory of the helio-centric solar system which had been declared heresy by the church several years prior
This enlightenment thinker rejected superstition and proposed that the divine origins of monarchies were not true (that early peoples formed a government according to a "social contract")
John locke
What was Bastille Day?
On July 14th 1789 an angry mob stormed the Bastille (a political prison and armory) in Paris as part of a series of riots targeting nobles and agents of the feudal regime (churches, chateaus, and feudal records). This was done out of fear that the aristocrats and king would try to overthrow the National Constituent Assembly and the third estate. The success of this riot, became a symbol of independence in the French Revolution.
What was the first violent altercation of the American Revolution?
the Boson Massacre
Which flower was the most important symbol of the Ottoman Sultan’s power and authority?
Tulips
What is the scientific method?
A systematic method of understanding the universe based on observation, empirical evidence, experimentation, and deductive reasoning. Results of experimentation should be reproducible, falsifiable, statistically significant, and peer reviewed. It is NOT a doctrine based traditional authority or power.
This person was the editor of the first Encyclopedie (an attempt to catalog all human knowledge and the works of French enlightenment writers)
Denis Diderot
Who called the Estates-General into session and why?
King Louis XVI of France called the Estates-General, a formal meeting of the three estates, into session for the first time in a century to solve the economic issues of France following their excessive high interest borrowing and funding of foreign wars (like the American Revolution)
In North America, which problem led to greatest strain in the relationship between colonists and indigenous peoples? This conflict was also central between the French and English during the Seven Years War?
Disputes over land
What Asian invention, disseminated across the globe, was the most important factor in the emergence of new shared urban cultures (identity /language) and the increased transmission of ideas?
Spanish botanist, Jose Celestino Mutis, was credited with popularizing knowledge about a traditional South American medicine, Quinine, that is still one of the most effective treatments for Malaria today. What was it made of?
The cultivated bark of the Cinchona (quina quina) plant
This enlightenment economist wrote the Wealth of Nations on the inefficiencies of mercantilism. They believed monopolies were destructive to an economy and promoted free trade/ economic competition.
Adam Smith
What was the Reign of Terror and who was the leader responsible?
Maximilien Robespierre lead the Jacobin political faction, which tried and executed King Louis XIV for treason. This was followed by 40,000 executions of French citizens (determined "enemies of the people") by guillotine over the next two years. The reign of terror ended with the execution of Maximilien Robespierre himself by guillotine.
What social class was the driving force of the revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haitian revolution)?
Enslaved Africans captives in a plantation economy and maroons (escaped africans living in armed communities on the fringes of plantation societies)
Which was the only European country allowed to trade with Tokugawa (Edo) Japan and live in Japan’s Nagasaki?
The Dutch
European colonization of the pacific islands resulted in a phenomenon called anglicization. What does anglicization mean in this context?
The expansion of European cultural influence across the globe with colonization resulted in many colonies that changed from their highly diverse beginnings (language, religion, culture, clothing) to become more like Europe
The naturalist was the first ecologist. They studied insects in their natural habitats, their lifecycles, behaviors, and relationships between organisms and their ecosystems
Maria sibylla Merian
Define the three Estates of pre-revolutionary France
1st- the clergy
2nd- the nobility
3rd- 98% of France population made up of the peasantry, bankers, lawyers, doctors, merchants, and middle class (bourgeoisie)
What was the most fundamental invention of the industrial revolution (attributed to James Watt) which powered factories, textile mills, aided in sugar refining, pottery manufacture, and transportation
The steam engine
What was the cause of the Opium War between Britain and Qing China?
China had a policy of restricting European trade to a small number of ports and only operated in raw minerals (silver and gold) as European manufactured goods were undesirable in China. To increase the desire for trade, Britain imported opium to China which became popular. This trade was deeply harmful to Chinas economy and the subsequent ban on the opium trade could not be properly regulated or enforced. China chose to crack down on restricting opium smuggling to China, which resulted in military conflict with Britain to open further trade.
The enlightenment also resulted in the pseudoscientific attempt to classify human beings into different "varieties" (races) based on physical characteristics and stereotypes of moral/social qualities. Who was the first to person to create this system of classification?
Carolus Linneaus
This enlightenment thinker wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women (1791) calling for equal rights, opportunity, and citizenship for women
Olympe de Gouges
How was the French Declaration of the Rights of Man different from the American Constitution in its view of "equality"
Declaration of the Rights of Man extended equality, liberty, and freedoms to all male citizens (including people of color) and sought to apply the law to all equally regardless of class status. This made abolition of slavery a fundamental part of the French revolution.
the American constitution sought equality for all white male landowners. Fundamental rights, liberties, and freedoms (such as speech, assembly, and due process) were not added to the American constitution until the 1789 Bill of Rights (which still did not include the abolition of slavery or equality for people of color)
Central/South America: What is the difference between the Creoles and Peninsulares?
Peninsulares - Spanish and Portugese colonists born in the Iberian peninsula (Europe) who were given preferential treatment in the Central/southern American colonies for land, jobs, and political appointment
Creoles - people of European decent in the Americas. They were largely resentful of the preferential treatment of the Peninsulares in their homeland
Name all of the 3 major ruling social classes of Tokugawa (Edo) Japan in order from most to least powerful
Shogun, Daimyō, Samurai