New Imperialism
“New imperialism” refers to the second phase of European colonialism that centered on what two regions
Asia and Africa
The British had already established an important economic presence in this region, with the British East **** Company and expanded direct rule in the 1800s
India
This form of labor dominated colonies such as the Belgian Congo, demanding high quotas and often resulting in the brutal physical treatment of laborers.
Forced Labor
This stagnant, costly type of warfare was the crux of World War One.
Trench Warfare
The birthplace of Fascism
Italy
Formally regulated at the 1884 Berlin Conference, it involved European nations such as Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium, and symbolized the hunger for new lands and resources that characterized “new imperialism.”
Scramble for Africa
Most similar to North America, the colonization of this country was characterized by a settler penal colony in which Aboriginal peoples were wiped out by violence and disease and replaced by British whites.
Australia
The idea that it was the duty of Europeans to spread culture and education to the colonies and their “barbaric” people
Civilizing Mission
One of the main political effects of the Great Depression: almost all governments abandoned unfettered *this* and adopted economic intervention.
Not debate here: this was caused by the imperialist expansion of Japan in East Asia, and the aggression of Germany in Europe
World War Two
These two nations had a contested rivalry during the age of Imperialism, especially in Africa. It's why most African nations speak on of their two languages.
Nicknamed the "sick man of Europe," it gradually lost its territories in Europe and North Africa due to European aggression before collapsing in the 1920s
The Ottoman Empire
Most colonies specialized in one or two of these, integrating into the world economy by producing massive export-driven wealth that was concentrated in elite groups.
Cash crops
This event dominoed into a diplomatic crisis with lethal effects: Austria’s ultimatum against Serbia brought Russia to Serbia’s defense, which activated Germany’s alliance with Austria and France’s alliance with Russia.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Positioning itself as the alternative to both communism and capitalism, fascism called itself this.
The Third Way or Third Alternative
During the nineteenth century, European imperial powers waged wars of conquest that they usually won decisively because they possessed this thanks to the Industrial Revolution
superior technologies such as the gatling gun and steam-powered battleships
Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, it was sparked by offensive British military policies and represents an important case of indigenous resistance to European rule – and its bloody consequences.
1857 Indian Rebellion
In European colonial societies, laws dealing with marriage, concubinage, and “miscegenation” were important ways Europeans rules sought to manage these.
Sexual relationships between whites and non-whites
It placed humiliating and economically devastating punishments on the main loser, Germany, which became a revisionist power determined to fight back. A lesson on how to NOT end a war.
Treaty of Versailles
They claimed to be liberators, but ultimately repeated many aspects of European rule, and in some cases were even more brutal, especially in China
Imperial Japan
It intensified racism in the nineteenth century by giving a scientific justification for violence against “primitive” and less evolved races
Darwinian biology
Two exceptions to the near universal spread of European imperial domination.
Ethiopia and Siam (Thailand)
The effects of this process include the creation of major colonial "supercities," the imbalance of males and females in the countryside, and the movement of workers from China and India across the imperial world.
Colonial urban migration
It was catastrophic for many reasons, including: (1) the close integration of European economies with the United States made the collapse of the American economy into global issue (2) Existing democratic weaknesses were exacerbated by the crash, leading to the collapse of democracies across Europe and beyond (3)The uneven growth of the 1920s led many to invest in industries that quickly collapsed, leaving many without savings and unemployed.
Financial Crash of 1929
These "institutions" were what made the Holocaust unique among the atrocities of World War Two: sites created with the specific intention of committing the mass extermination of its victims.
Death camps