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Introduction
Sound Change
Borrowing
Analogy
Comparative Method and Reconstruction
100
Another word for historical linguistics.
What is diachronic linguistics?
100
A sound change that has no conditioning context, but occurred everywhere in the language.
What is an unconditioned sound change?
100
Another word for a borrowed word.
What is a loanword?
100
The type of analogy resulting in less distinctions within a paradigm.
What is analogical leveling?
100
A reconstructed parent language.
What is a proto-language?
200
The word for non-historical linguistics, or general linguistics examining language phenomena at a single point in time.
What is synchronic linguistics?
200
A sound change that results in one phoneme becoming two separate phonemes in the subsequent stage of the language.
What is a (phonological) split?
200
The reason we know that the word "zebra" is borrowed into English from another language.
What is geographical/ecological knowledge or clues?
200
The type of analogy resulting from repeated production of the word in close proximity to another (from which it takes the new form).
What is immediate analogy?
200
The first step of the comparative method, upon compiling your list of cognates.
What is identifying sound correspondences?
300
The diachronic study of a single language, from its origin to its current state.
What is philology?
300
The proposal that all sound change is regular.
What is the Neogrammarian Hypothesis?
300
When a borrowing gradually spreads from one language to neighboring languages, which may or may not be related to the language of origin.
What is diffusion?
300
The kind of analogy resulting from an attempt to mimic another dialect that has retained a phonological distinction that your dialect no longer has.
What is hypercorrection?
300
The law/chain shift that identifies consonant sound changes in Germanic languages from PIE.
What is Grimm's Law?
400
An historical linguistic study that examines multiple, related languages
What is a comparative linguistic study?
400
The type of sound change embodied by the following word etymology: Lat. fa:bulare > fablar(e) 'to talk'
What is syncope?
400
A borrowing based on direct translation.
What is a calque?
400
The type of analogy resulting from mistaken morphological analysis, in which a morpheme boundary is presumed where originally there was none.
What is back formation?
400
The clue which tells us that the following consonant inventory is NOT a plausible reconstruction: b, d, g, s, n, l, r, w
What is a lack of voiceless consonants?
500
One example of what historical linguistics is NOT.
Varies.
500
The sound change embodied by the rule: s > r /V_V
What is "s changed to r in intervocalic position" or What is intervocalic rhotacism?
500
The evidence you can use to determine that the following words are borrowed from English to Japanese, and not the other way around:
baffaro: buffalo
batteri: battery
What is phonological evidence (r/l and a/uh distinctions in English, but not in Japanese)?
500
The kind of analogy embodied by the following etymologies from Old English (top row) to Modern English (bottom row):
handa ‘hands’ hundas ‘hounds’
handə hundəs
hand hunds
hands hounds
What is analogical extension?
500
The proto-word for 'forbidden', given the following data in four Polynesian languages:
L1 L2 L3 L4 Gloss
tapu kapu tapu tabu 'forbidden'
hono hono fono vono 'stay, sit'
kaho ʔaho ʔaso kaso 'thatch'
takere kaʔele taʔele takele 'keel'
What is *tapu?