Historical Trends Pt1
How is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) different from the older UCR system?
NIBRS collects much more detailed information about each single crime incident.
Which decades in American history saw a sharp, dramatic increase in overall crime rates?
From the 1960s to the 1980s.
Which structural developments are credited with helping lower crime rates alongside general economic expansion?
The widespread use of security cameras and surveillance equipment.
Which independent tool does the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) use specifically to uncover this "dark figure" of unreported crime?
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
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What is a big problem with using a single broad average for a whole state or big city to judge a single person?
It misses personal details like individual wealth, education, or exact neighborhood differences.
When did the decades-long rise in American crime finally turn around and begin a steady decline?
In the 1990s.
Which economic factors are cited as modern risks that could cause a future increase in crime?
Recent economic unsureness and a lack of well-paying jobs for unskilled workers.
What is a known challenge for the FBI when cities choose not to, or delay, sending their data to the national system?
The national data can become temporarily incomplete, forcing the FBI to rely on statistical estimates for those missing areas.
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Why is it important to look at personal factors like education, wealth, and location instead of just general averages?
Because people have very different life situations that general numbers cannot show.
What combination of factors helped drive down crime rates during the 1990s drop?
Decreasing drug use, hiring more police officers, and improved financial stability in many communities.
What population and demographic changes are currently viewed as challenges that could spark a future rise in crime?
A growing number of ex-convicts returning to the streets and recent growth in the teenage population.
Why do national crime data updates typically take several months or a full year to be released to the public?
Law enforcement agencies need time to gather, clean, verify, and standardize millions of detailed incident reports from across the country.
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When does a city's overall crime rate go up?
When the number of reported crimes grows faster than the population.
What social and cultural changes in the 1960s are often linked to the rise in crime problems?
The Vietnam War, rising divorce rates, diverse forms of "liberation," and increased drug use.
What do criminologists mean when they warn that a "fourth shift in crime trends" may be on the horizon?
A potential new wave or major change in direction for national crime patterns.
Why might short-term crime trends sometimes look different when comparing police records (NIBRS) against household surveys (NCVS)?
Because household surveys ask people directly about both reported and unreported crimes, while NIBRS only knows what was reported to police.
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What is the main purpose of the traditional Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program?
To collect basic summary numbers of crimes reported to the police.
Why did crime rates generally drop in the United States during the 1940s?
Most young men entered military service due to World War II.
According to researchers, what factors are often more influential in shifting crime rates than new strict laws or police funding?
Broad economic and demographic factors that policymakers cannot easily control.
What is the "dark figure of crime" in criminology?
The large number of actual crimes that are never reported to the police or recorded.
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