Geography
The 1707 Act of Union saw the consolidation of these three kingdoms under a single monarchy.
What are England, Scotland, and Ireland.
The stern and logical Reformer of Geneva who gave the world a TULIP in his Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Who is John Calvin.
Led by Sultan Mohammed II, this event brought an end to the thousand-and-a-half years of the Roman Empire in 1453.
What is the Conquest of Constantinople.
Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral in this year, traditionally considered the starting point of the Protestant Reformation.
What is 1517.
The idea that monarchs receive absolute power over their kingdoms from God and are subject to no earthly authority
What is The Divine Right of Kings.
The Mediterranean site of a major naval battle in 1571 taking place between allied Christian forces and a Turkish fleet.
What is Lepanto.
The founder of the Society of Jesus, this Spanish knight experienced mystical visions of Christ and the Holy Trinity that he set down in his Spiritual Exercises.
Who is St. Ignatius of Loyola.
This 800 Year Crusade was completed in 1492 by the efforts of King Ferdinand and Isabella: the same year Columbus set out on his first voyage of discovery.
What is the Reconquista of Spain.
The "Glorious Revolution" occured in the year Parliament invited the Protestant William of Orange (married to Mary Stuart, the Protestant daughter of James II) to become king, replacing the Catholic James II, who was forced to flee.
What is 1688.
The idea that Church Councils have a higher authority than the Pope, popular during the Great Papal Schism.
What is conciliarism.
During the "Babylonian Captivity," the Popes resided in this town of southern France.
What is Avignon.
The leading churchman of the 17th century, his political efforts to secure the power of the French King lead to the suppression of Protestantism at home and its firm establishment abroad.
Who is Cardinal Richelieu.
The 1380 Battle of Kulikovo witnessed the beginning of the end of the dominance of this Mongolian camp established on the steppe--the vast, treeless tract of land in southeastern Europe--over the princes of the Russian people.
What is the Golden Horde.
The attempt of dissenting Protestant noblemen in Bohemia to set up the Elector of Palatine as the Holy Roman Emperor set off a Thirty Years' War in Germany, which lasted from ____ to ____.
What is 1618-1648.
The philosophy which tended to see man, not God, as the center of the world and to hold that human ideas and ideals, not the Church, should guide human society.
What is Humanism.
A region of Central Europe bordering Germany, Austria, and Poland--the epicenter of the Thirty Years' War.
What is Bohemia.
This English "Renaissance Man", a famous lawyer and diplomat who wrote the Utopia, was beheaded in 1534 after refusing the sign the Oath of Supremacy.
Who is St. Thomas More.
The Wars of the Roses, a decades-long feud between these rival claimants to the English crown, ended with the defeat of Richard III in 1483.
What are the Houses of Lancaster and York.
A close precursor of the division that was to split the Western Church in the Reformation, the Great Papal Schism lasted from _____ to _____.
What is 1378-1417.
This fiery Italian woman urged Pope Gregory XI to move the papacy back to Rome to end the "Babylonian Captivity."
Who is St. Catherine of Siena.
The three greatest medieval universities: one in France, renowned for theology; one in Italy, renowned for law and medicine; one in England, renowned for logic and physics.
What are the Universities of Paris, Bologna, and Oxford.
Raised by Jesuit teachers, this Hapsburg prince fervently sought to reconquer territory lost to Protestantism by consolidating his rule over the Holy Roman Emperor in the mid-17th century, but was checked by France.
Who is Emperor Ferdinand II.
In the late 1400's, Lorenzo the Magnificent admired the early work of this Florentine apprentice sculptor, later considered a genius among Renaissance artists.
Who is Michaelangelo.
The years 1545-1563 saw the medieval call for reform in the Catholic Church finally taking place in a tiny town of northern Italy.
What is the Council of Trent.
This heretical medieval sect--still around today--was named after its Czech founder, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after attacking the doctrines of the divine founding of the Church and the Real Presence.
Who are the Hussites.