Economic Vocabulary
These farms grew goods like sugar, tobacco, or cotton for export.
What were the names of these goods?
What was this type of large farm called?
What kind of labor was used in these places?
Cash Crops, Plantations, Slaves
Combining different belief systems into new practices is called this. Give an example of this from class so far this year.
Syncretism, Vodoo, Santeria, Rastafarianism, Din-i-llahi, Taj Mahal
The name of Spanish "explorers" who conquered empires in the Americas like the Aztec and Inca. Name at least one of these guys and which American empire they conquered.
Conquistadors. Cortez conquers the Aztecs, Pizarro conquered the Incas
Non-Muslims had to pay this tax to live in Muslim empires. Why did this tax provide a motivation to conquer non-Muslim territories?
The Jizya tax. It made Muslim empires, like the Ottomans and Safavids want to increase their empire to control non-Muslim territories which would bring them in more tax money.
This is the labor system where people were treated as property. How was this system of slavery different from "traditional slavery" practiced in other parts of the world?
Chattal Slavery. This system was different because slaves were treated particularly inhumanely like a tool used to produce something. This is compared to "traditional slavery" where slaves were still treated with some level of human decency.
A forced labor system used in Spanish America that made indigenous people work in return for protection and a Christian Education.
What previous system in the Americas was this system based off of?
The Encomienda System, The Mi'ta System
List and explain at least two reasons colonized people rebelled against European colonization.
Loss of land, cultural & religious persecution, charismatic leaders
The rumored last Incan King (descendent of the last Incan king) who led the largest rebellion against Spanish rule in South America before getting captured and killed by the Spanish. What was this person's legacy?
Tupac Amaru. Tupac Amaru's rebellion showed that it was possible to resist European colonialism, and that culture can be a "rallying point" for to unite indigenous people against European colonialism.
This is a term for making an empire look strong on the other powers. The Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty build a large fleet of boats and ordered this eunuch general to sail around the world.
Power Projection, Zhenge He's Voyage.
The Great Dying. It started in 1492 with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. It is estimated that 90% of native Americans died from diseases brought by the Europeans to the Americas. The Native Americans did not have any immunity to zoonotic diseases (diseases like small pox, measles, the flu....etc.) brought over by Europeans.
The name of the system in which the Ming Dynasty made all people pay taxes in Silver.
Explain why the Ming Dynasty decided to make these changes to the tax system. What effect did this system have on global trade?
The Single-Whip Tax System, To simplify the tax system and make the tax revenue collected more usable, This system linked the Spanish Empire to China through the Manila Galleon Trade.
This Chinese Emperor's encyclopedia preserved China's massive cultural knowledge and showed China's cultural prioritization of education. How did China choose its bureaucrats.
Yongle's Encyclopedia, China created the Civil Service Exam to choose the smartest people to run the gov't.
A long era of conflict in Japan before Japan was unified. Explain what group of people were most responsible in Japan for keeping this divided/conflict ridden era going for such a long time? What was the emperor of Japan doing at this time? What battle ended this period of Japanese history and who was the victor?
The Sengoku Period (The Warring States Period), which lasted approximately 150 years. The Daimyo or local lords were constantly fighting and shifting their political alliances making war common. The Emperor was a figurehead who had no real power and was controlled by various daimyo clans. The Battle of Sekigahara ended the warring states period. The result was the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of Japan.
This legal code from a French Emperor standardized laws across France. What are some criticism of this set of laws. This French Emperor also created a new type of school system for the common people.
The Napoleonic code. It favored men over women and actually removed certain rights women had in pre-revolutionary France. Napoleon also created the first public schools and technical schools in European history.
This was the Spanish Colonial System that ranked people in society based on their race. How did this system lead to the Latin American Revolutions? Which group in this racial hierarchy was most upset with this system and what was this group upset about?
The Castas System. The Creole elite were upset that this system left them without any political rights and no way to make changes to their country. This caused them to rebel against the peninsular elites in Spain.
The system where investors pool money to fund new, overseas, ventures.
Explain what impact this new system had on the global economy. Why was this system more efficient than the previous method of running overseas companies?
Joint-Stock Companies. Joint-Stock Companies allowed for more professional companies, motivated by profit with professional management to be formed. These firms could also sell shares in a "stock-market." This was more efficient than previous ways of running companies b/c the company was motivated to make profits and did not care about political realities which made decision making faster. Managers also lived locally and could attend to issues quickly.
This policy was created by Japan to limit foreign influence. Who created it. What foreign influence were the Japanese trying to limit the most?
Sakoku Policy (Closed Country Policy), The Tokugawa Shogunate created it. The Japanese were trying to limit the influence of Christians who were converting the Japanese peasants away from Shintoism.
This battle in 1514 was between the Ottomans and Safavids. What was the outcome of the battle? How did it effect hegemony in the Middle East. What gave the winning side a decisive advantage? What changes did the losing empire make after the battle.
The Battle of Battle of Chaldiran. The Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Safavids due to their superior gunpowder weapons. This battle resulted in the Ottomans controlling Mesopotamia and the Middle East. After the battle the Safavids created the Ghulams system to mimic the Ottomans Devshrime system where slave troops were trained to use gunpowder weapons.
This is a system where a weaker nation provides gifts or valuable goods to a stronger nation in return for the stronger nations protection. What empire relied on this system of diplomacy? How did this system lead to "cross-cultural miscommunication" when this empire had to interact with outsiders from a different culture?
Tribute system, China is a prime example of an empire that looked for tribute instead of colonization. Tribute signals who is the stronger power (the one getting paid). This led to a cross-cultural miscommunication with the Europeans when they came to trade with the Chinese as seen most directly through the Kowtow incident between a British trade envoy and the Chinese Emperor.
This was the powerful land owning elite of Japan. These were there soldiers/police force. How did Tokugawa control these landowning elites once he became shogun of Japan? What city did Tokugawa make his capital in once he became Shogun?
Daimyo, Samurai. Tokugawa instituted the "alternative attendance system" where the daimyo had to live with Tokugawa in Edo (Tokyo) so he could monitor them. Tokugawa also controlled most of the farmland in the country so he controlled the food supply.
This system focused on gaining wealth for a powerful country (the metropole) by extracting resources from its colonies. Explain why the powerful country would want to maintain a favorable balance of trade (exporting to the colonies more than the the powerful country imports). How would the powerful country maintain a favorable balance of trade?
Mercantilism. The mother country wanted to maintain a favorable balance of trade so they could make money by selling finished goods to their colonies, further enriching themselves. The mother country would enforce a favorable trade balance by creating restrictive laws that only allowed the colony to sell their goods to the mother country. B/c the mother country was the only buyer of goods the colonies had to sell them to the mother country for a low price.
The Ottoman System that allowed religious minorities to organize and run their parts of the empire under their own laws. Which Ottoman Sultan created this system? How did this help bring long term stability to the Ottoman Empire?
The Millet System, Sulieman the Magnificent. The Millet System made religious minorities feel respected and less likely to rebel against the Ottomans, provided they pay their Jizya Tax.
This was a war short war between the British and the Chinese. What caused this war to start? What was the result of this war? What factors caused the outcome of this war? How did this war represent a significant change in Chinese history?
The Opium Wars. The British were selling opium to the Chinese in return for tea, spices, silk, and porcelain. The result of the war was a resounding British victory due to their superior military technology (gunpowder weapons, steam engines...etc.). The result was that China had to open for trade, British traders had extraterritorial rights (they can follow British laws in China), and the British controlled Hong Kong island. China was no longer the strongest empire in the world.
This means to be in charge of something because no one else is there to challenge their authority. Name the leader who became the de facto leader of Haiti after its independence from __________ (a European colonial power). What was so remarkable and unexpected about this leader and this revolution?
De facto leader. Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian revolution against the French. The remarkable part about this leader was that he created a fair constitution for Haiti instead of making himself a dictator. This revolution was remarkable b/c it was slaves fighting with machetes against the most powerful military in the world at the time France, and the slaves won.
This Russian Ruler wanted to "Westernize" his country. What does it mean to "westernize" a country? Why did this ruler want to westernize his country? Name an example of a law this ruler created to promote westernization. Name a new city this ruler built that he referred to as his "window to the west."
Peter the Great. To westernize your country means you make it like a Western European country. At this time Western Europe was the most advanced region of the world so Peter the Great wanted to copy their technology, education, and way of life. The Beard Tax is an example of Peter the Great's westernization efforts. St. Petersburg was Peter's new capital that faced Europe, symbolizing his commitment to make Russia a European power.