Effects of Europeans in the Indian Ocean
What were the Europeans looking for when they ventured into the Indian Ocean?
To find a route to the Spice Islands or a cheaper source of spices.
Which of the following countries had the largest empire based on land area?
a. Britain b. France c. The Dutch d. The Spanish e. The Portuguese
d. The Spanish
A joint-stock company is a private company that raises money to start and run the company from private investors. When investors give the company money they buy "stock" in the company which gives them partial ownership of the company.
Name an effect of European colonization on the native populations of the Americas?
The Great Dying: 90% of natives died of diseases from the Europeans. The Encomienda System: the Europeans forced the natives to work on plantations in order to be protected and be converted to Christianity. This created modern day Latin America where most people speak Spanish and are a majority Catholic.
Name one major religion that resulted from the Atlantic Slave Trade.
Voodoo, Santeria, Rastafarianism
What was the system of "passes" the Portuguese set up to control the trade route between Europe and the Indian Ocean
The Cartaz System
2 parts:
Which empire had the most significant control over the Spice Islands?
What modern day country are the Spice Islands in?
The Dutch controlled the Spice Islands. The Spice Islands are located in modern day Indonesia.
How did the Ottoman Empire control of Constantinople affect trade?
The Ottomans taking control of Constantinople made it almost impossible for the Europeans to get spices. The Ottomans either shut them off from trade entirely or made it extremely expensive to get spices through the silk road. This motivated the Europeans to find an alternative sea-route to Asia to find spices.
Explain what the "Middle Passage" was in relation to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
It was the harrowing journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the New World. The slaves were packed tightly into the ship and made to live in inhumane conditions.
Explain how Chattel Slavery is different than "traditional slavery"
Chattel slavery meant that slaves were treated as property to be bought and sold, not as humans with rights. In traditional slavery slaves were treat with a level of dignity and respect. In Chattel slavery they were stripped of that dignity and treated poorly.
Name one effect of European involvement in the Indian Ocean on local cultures.
Increase in conversions to Christianity. Less control over key port areas. Less control over valuable spice trade.
British: austere, stay away from the natives, control the land and farm cash crops
French: assimilation, work with the natives in hopes of making them French, trade with the locals for furs.
What role did Spanish Galleons play in the growth of trade?
The Spanish Galleon made it easier to transport valuable treasure across great distances. The galleon also provided protection against pirates on the seas b/c it was equipped with advanced defensive capabilities.
What was the Castas System?
The Castas System was a political and social hierarchy of the Spanish Empire. It was a system that placed people in classes based on their race. It was rigid and did not allow for social mobility.
Define Syncretism and give an example of a syncretistic religion that emerged as a result of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade.
Voodou and Santeria were a combination of West African Animistic Religions combined with European Christianity. Rastafarianism also took parts of the Christian Bible and adapted it in an African lens (the Old Testament story of the Jews in slavery in Egypt --> Africans in slavery in the Americas).
Name the two countries that competed for control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal and The Dutch
Compare the Portuguese and Dutch maritime strategies.
The Dutch ran their Maritime empire in a modern way, like a business relying on joint-stock companies to raise money and run to operate. The Portuguese ran their empire in an older style. They made decisions based on the choices of the king who was also the main investor. This was slower and less efficient.
Many people died in Europe, so fewer workers were available to do the many jobs society needed. This decrease in workers resulted in higher pay for the average worker. These workers wanted to spend their new income on luxury goods like spices. The potential profits that could be made from supplying luxury goods like spices to European workers motivated European kings and merchants to find direct access to the spice markets of Asia.
Describe the effect the Atlantic Slave Trade had on African Societies.
It led to increased warfare and the destruction of many societies.
Teacher Trivia: Who is Mr. Bundy married to? What is Mr. Benton's hometown? What country is Ms. A from?
Mr. Bundy is married to Ms. Wixted. Mr. Benton's hometown is Seattle. Ms. A is from the or Czechia (formerly the Czech Republic).
Explain how the Netherlands' (The Dutch) use of joint-stock companies helped them outcompete the Portuguese for control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
Joint-stock companies are more efficient at conducting business b/c they only care about profits and aren't concerned with politics. They are autonomous, meaning they are run locally so they make decisions faster. Joint-stock companies can also raise money and expand faster than the older model of running a company which relies on a country's treasury or investment from the king.
The Spanish Armada was an embarrassing loss for the Spanish who saw their large navy of galleons sunk by the British. This was the beginning of the downfall for Spain and the beginning of the rise of the British.
2 parts: Explain how strong empires help large overland trade networks like the Silk Road become popular. Give an example of a large empire that helped revitalize the Silk Road
Strong empires can guarantee the safety of merchants who travel along trade routes. This safety makes merchants more likely to trade and travel along trade routes. An example of this is Pax Mongolica or the Mongolian Empire that controlled territory from Korea to Russia and helped revitalize the Silk Road as a major trading route.
What was a continuity (similarity) between the Mi'ta and the Spanish Encomienda System.
They both were forced labor systems. They both emphasized religion. In the Incan Empire the workers believed they were working for Sapa Inca, a god king. In the Spanish Encomienda System the natives were forced to convert to the religion of the conquering Spanish.
2 part question: Name 3 things that came to the New World from the Old World as a result of the Columbian Exchange. Name 3 things that came from the Old World to the New World as a result of the Columbian Exchange.
Old World to New World: Diseases, Livestock, Wheat, Sugar
New World to Old World: Tomatoes, Potatoes, Spicy Peppers, Tobacco, pumpkin, pineapple,