Islam
The mosque, philosophy, schools, colleges, libraries, and other centers of learning, zoology, astronomy, irrigation and underground wells, compass and astrolabe, maps and descriptions of the major Muslim trade routes, improved on calculations made by the ancient Greeks to reach a measure of Earth's circumference that was close to the correct value, algebra, bookmaking, geometric and floral design, calligraphy, textiles, music, polo, chess
What were the four vegetation zones in Africa?
Desert, desert scrub, broadleaf evergreen forest, savanna/tropical grassland
Describe the geography of MIA
Maya: Jungle
Inca: Andes Mountains
Aztec: Swamp
On the borders are coastal desert, Andes mountains, and Amazon jungle
Who was the figure that disapproved of the treatment of the natives?
Bartholomew de las Casas
What were the motives of exploration?
Trade routes to Asia (especially spices)
Muslims and Italians controlled flow of goods through land
Knowledge
Glory
Wealth
Spread Christianity
Advances that made it possible
Cartography (science of map-making)
What was the town that the Muslims, Christians, and Jews fought over during the Crusades, and what was its importance in each religion?
Jerusalem
Jews: The land God gave Abraham
Christians: Where Jesus was crucified
Muslims: Where Muhammad went on his night journey
What practices helped expand success in the towns and cities formed by west African settlers?
Ironworking, which eventually lead to trade.
With ironworking, farmers could clear land and cultivate crops faster and more efficiently, leaving time for more activities such as basket weaving, metalworking, pottery, and more, which could create products for trade.
Which of the three MIA civilizations had human sacrifices?
Aztecs
What is Humanism?
The belief that everyone is equal at birth and life is put before religion.
What were some advances of the exploration period?
Improvements in shipmaking, cartography, etc, conquered lands that gave them spices and other goods
How many Crusades where there?
Four. Three major ones, and the Children's Crusade
What were some things that were traded among the traders along the trans-Saharan trade route?
Merchants would trade salt, copper, and cowrie shells for kola nuts, hides, leather goods, ivory, slaves, and gold. The main two things being traded were salt and gold, which famously made West Africa extremely wealthy.
Name one achievement of each MIA civilizations
Maya: Slash and burn, terrace farming, raised-earth platforms, engineering, pyramids and temples, calendars/Sacred Round, math (zero), mathematics and astronomy
Incas: Conquest, used quipus, good messenger system/communication
Aztecs: Fierce warriors, mercenaries, also conquest, chinampas, causeways
What does "Renaissance" mean and what was the time era trying to achieve?
Renaissance means "rebirth"
They were trying to get into a new golden age and tried to "rebirth" into the success of Rome and Greece.
Which figure discovered North America and what did he name it?
Christopher Columbus, the "new world"
Name the four "rightly guided" caliphs in order and one achievement/fact about each.
Abu Bakr: used military force to reunite Arabia, chosen for skill/abilities/merit rather than blood, which caused the split of the Shias and the Sunnies.
Umar: Expanded the empire by conquest and conquered Jerusalem, forced everyone but Christians and Jews to convert.
Uthman: Oversaw the creation of an official Qu'ran, favored family and gave them many high post, which made him lose popularity and get murdered.
Ali: Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law, favored by Shi'ite,
sent forces and fought two major battles. He won the first one, but settled the second one by negotiation. Because of this, he lost followers and was murdered by one of his former supporters.
How did Mansa Musa impact Islam in Mali?
Because of Mansa Musa, Mali became a major crossroads of Islam. He went on a famous hajj (fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgramage).
What is a similarity of all three MIA civilizations?
Hierarchy/social structure
Name three major figures in the Reformation.
Martin Luther, Pope Leo, King Henry VIII
Which civilizations were in charge of the spice trade before Portugal's explorers?
Muslims and Italy
List at least five common misconceptions about Islam.
Islam promotes violence and terrorism, oppresses women and forces them to wear modest clothing and hijabs, Muslims believe in Allah and not God (Allah IS God), all Muslims are Arabic and all Arabs are Muslims, they don't support education, Muhammad was the founder of Islam, and Muslims worship him, etc.
What did griots and griottes do?
A griot was a historian, storyteller, advisor, and musician who memorized and performed stories and music for West African civilizations. They were the main source of history and information about the civilization.
Griottes sang and performed at ceremonies and other events, mostly empowering and encouraging women.
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the slash and burn?
Advantages: cleared lots of room for agriculture and farming, ashes fertilized the soil
Disadvantages: destroyed soil, soil could not be reused for up to ten years, started running out of space because of population growth
Name the four Enlightenment figures and their beliefs/values.
Thomas Hobbes: Absolute rule by kings, people are naturally selfish and cruel
John Locke: Natural rights, government should be limited by laws
Montesquieu: Seperation of powers
Voltaire: Religious Tolerance and Free Speech
Cesare Beccaria: Rights of the accused, studied criminology and made the justice system more fair
Name major explorers from the Age of Exploration.
Portugal: Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama, Pedro Cabral
Spain: Christopher Colombus, Ferdinand Magellan
England: John Cabot, Henry Hudson