Chapter 1
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Colosseum:Held _______ spectators, gladiator contests, mock naval battles.
50,000
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______ : built early farming villages.
Latins
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________: majority, commoners with limited rights but gradually gained political influence.
Plebeians
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First _________: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey.
Triumvirate
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Pax Romana: Period of peace and stability ending with _____ Aurelius's death.
Marcus
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Evolution of the ________ from Phoenicians.
alphabet
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Fertile plains ideal for agriculture (wheat, grapes, _______)
olives
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Assembly of ________: elected officials and passed laws.
centuries
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Assassinated in ___ B.C.E. by Senators fearing his power.
44
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_______ Crisis: Coins were minted with less gold and silver, reducing value.
Inflation
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Clothing: ______ signifying citizenship and status.
Togas
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__________: influenced architecture, religious rituals, clothing (togas).
Etruscans
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Plebeian Strikes: led to the formation of the Council of the _____
Plebs
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Battle of _______ (31 B.C.E.): Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra, marking the end of the Republic.
Actium
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Barbarian Attacks: _______ tribes invaded the west; Sasanian forces attacked the east.
Germanic
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Timeline: ____ B.C.E.- ____ C.E.
500 and 600
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______ B.C.E.: Romans overthrew Etruscan rule and established a republic.
509
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_____ Wars: Series of wars with Carthage; Hannibal's campaign and eventual Roman victory.
Punic
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Establishment of common ________ and trade networks throughout the empire.
currency
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New Capital: Moved the capital to ____________ (Constantinople)
Byzantium
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How does _____ express values?
culture
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Centrally located in the _____________, accessible for trade and travel.
Mediterranean
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Political instability: Power struggles among military generals (e.g.,______ and _______).
Marius and Sulla
Answer the following question
What role did military challenges play in the fall of Rome?
Germanic Migrations, Sack at Rome, Vandal Invasions
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Political Reforms: Divided the empire into four regions for better _________.
governance