Turning Points
This 1815 battle ended Napoleon’s rule and reshaped Europe at the Congress of Vienna.
Answer: What is the Battle of Waterloo?
This Enlightenment thinker argued that liberty depended on the separation of powers.
Answer: Who is Montesquieu?
This canal, completed in 1869, drastically shortened trade routes between Europe and Asia.
Answer: What is the Suez Canal?
This 1215 English document limited the power of the monarchy and influenced later constitutions.
Answer: What is the Magna Carta?
This war (1853–1856) exposed weaknesses in the Russian military and led to major reforms.
Answer: What is the Crimean War?
The 1648 treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War also established the concept of national sovereignty.
Answer: What is the Peace of Westphalia?
The failed 1832 rebellion against the Russian monarchy later inspired revolutionary movements.
Answer: Who were the Decembrists?
This empire, ruled from Cuzco, was the largest in pre-Columbian America.
Answer: What is the Inca Empire?
The 95 Theses were written by this figure, igniting the Protestant Reformation.
Answer: Who is Martin Luther?
The Battle of Hastings in 1066 resulted in this group ruling England.
Answer: Who are the Normans?
This 1453 event marked the effective end of the Byzantine Empire and shifted European trade routes.
Answer: What is the fall of Constantinople?
This South American liberator is known as “El Libertador” and helped free five nations from Spanish rule.
Answer: Who is Simón Bolívar?
The 1884–85 conference that formalized European colonization of Africa was held in this city.
Answer: What is Berlin?
This U.S. document formally withdrew the nation from the League of Nations.
Answer: What is the Knox–Porter Resolution?
This conflict between Iran and Iraq in the 1980s lasted eight years with no clear victor.
Answer: What is the Iran–Iraq War?
The 1868 document that formally ended centuries of feudal rule in Japan.
Answer: What is the Meiji Restoration Charter Oath?
This English rebel led a 1381 uprising protesting poll taxes and feudal oppression.
Answer: Who is Wat Tyler?
This former empire controlled territory across three continents before dissolving after World War I.
Answer: What is the Ottoman Empire?
The 1948 declaration outlining global human rights was adopted by this organization.
Answer: What is the United Nations?
This Asian conflict marked the first major military clash of the Cold War.
Answer: What is the Korean War?
This 1917 declaration by Britain helped set the stage for decades of conflict in the Middle East.
Answer: What is the Balfour Declaration?
This revolutionary wrote What Is to Be Done? and reshaped Marxist theory for a vanguard party.
Answer: Who is Vladimir Lenin?
The Durand Line, drawn in 1893, created a disputed border between Afghanistan and this modern country.
Answer: What is Pakistan?
This Cold War-era doctrine pledged U.S. support to countries resisting communism in Europe.
Answer: What is the Truman Doctrine?
The Peloponnesian War was fought primarily between Athens and this rival city-state.
Answer: What is Sparta?