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History of Bilingual Legislation
Influential Court Cases
Types of Bilingual Programs
Potpourri
Classroom Implications
100
This amendment established the constitutional basis for the educational rights of language minority students. It guaranteed that no State can make or enforce any law abridging the privileges or immunities of citizens; nor deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor deny equal protection of the laws. (Mora Modules, 2014)
What is the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?
100
This 1974 Supreme Court case determined that providing non-English-speaking students with the same instruction as English-speaking students did not constitute equal educational opportunity. “There is no equality of treatment by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education.”
What is Lau v. Nichols?
100
A sink-or-swim approach to educating language-minority students in which students are exposed only to the dominant language with the expectation that students assimilate to the dominant culture.
What is a submersion program?
100
This approach to bilingual education aims to weaken or result in the eventual atrophy of minority languages;moving eventually from bilingualism to monolingualism in the majority language (May, 2008).
What is a subtractive approach?
100
In the early 20th century, legislative policies such as the Naturalization Act and ideologies established as a result of World War I led to a push for all immigrants to be assimilated into one cultural and linguistic mold. This resulted in school districts across the nation establishing this type of program for language-minority students.
What is a submersion, or English-only program?
200
This legislation prohibited discrimination in Federally funded programs. Subsequently, it is cited in many court cases. Basically stated, this legislation mandates that a student has a right to meaningful and effective instruction. (Mora Modules, 2014)
What is the Title VI Civil Rights Act of 1964?
200
Mainstreaming or submersion programs for language minority students were prohibited as a result of the verdict from the landmark court case, Lau v. Nichols in 1974. This resulted in the Office of Civil Rights issuing this set of guidelines for school districts. These guidelines directed school districts in what they needed to do to provide effective programs to meet the academic and linguistic needs of language-minority students. School districts not in compliance with these guidelines risked losing federal funding.
What are the Lau Remedies?
200
In this program, students receive instruction in their native language along with English for 2 years before being transitioned into an English-only program.
What is an early exit transitional bilingual program?
200
This approach to bilingual education aims to maintain the minority language of the student, strengthen the student's sense of cultural and linguistic identity, and affirm their individual and collective ethnolinguistic rights (May, 2008).
What is an additive approach?
200
True or False? When culturally and linguistically diverse students are immersed in an English-only program, they receive maximum exposure to English and therefore are more successful academically than students who do not receive maximum exposure to English.
False. Instruction in a student’s native language is a more effective method to facilitate proficiency in a second language and academic success.
300
This legislation provided supplemental funding for school districts interested in establishing programs to meet the "special educational needs" of large numbers of children of limited English speaking ability in the United States. (Mora Modules, 2014)
What is the Bilingual Education Acts of 1968 and 1974 (also known as Title VII)?
300
This 1981 court case established that programs for language-minority students must meet the following requirements and standards: “(a) The school program must be anchored to sound educational theory, (b) adequate resources and personnel must be evident in the school program, and (c) the school program must reflect sound practices and results, not only in language but also in content areas as math, science, social studies, and language arts.” (Ovando, 2003)
What is Castaneda v. Pickard?
300
The aim of this approach to bilingual education is to develop academic proficiency in a student’s native language (L1) in order to facilitate the acquisition of literacy in the majority language (L2). Students are taught in both L1 and L2 for an extended period of time.
What is a maintenance approach to bilingual education?
300
Instruction in two languages and the use of two languages as mediums of instruction for any part, or all, of the school curriculum (Andersson & Boyer, 1970, p. 12).
What is bilingual education?
300
This type of instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse students has been shown to be more influential than any other factor in predicting the educational success of bilingual students (May, 2008).
What is extended instruction in a student’s native language, such as a Maintenance Bilingual Model, or Dual Language Immersion program?
400
Provided definitions of what constituted denial of equal educational opportunity. Among them is "...the failure by an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by students in an instructional program." (Mora Modules, 2014)
What is the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974?
400
This 1987 court case upheld the Castaneda standards established in 1981 by ruling that states and school districts have a responsibility to establish effective programs to serve ELL students.
What is Gomez v. Illinois?
400
This program is geared toward teaching majority language students through a target minority language in order to develop and extend the minority language in the community.
What is an enrichment or one-way immersion program?
400
Prior to this event, the U.S. was linguistically tolerant and open to public education in immigrant languages such as German, Dutch, Italian, Polish, Spanish, French, and Russian to name just a few.
What is World War I?
400
National and international evidence already exists to prove that quality bilingual programs promote academic success, with the added bonus that students become bilingual (Ovando, 2003).
What is sound reasoning as to why quality bilingual programs is implemented in some U.S. public schools?
500
Regulations including four basic components: Identification, assessment, services and exit. Requirement that bilingual instruction be given by qualified teachers. (Mora Modules, 2014)
What is the Civil Rights Language Minority Regulations 1980?
500
In 1923, this US Supreme Court case ruled that a Nebraska state law prohibiting the teaching of foreign languages in private settings was unconstitutional and determined that proficiency in a foreign language was “not injurious to health, morals, or understanding of the ordinary child.”
What is Meyer v. Nebraska?
500
Becoming more popular in the US, this bilingual program includes native speakers as well as non-native speakers of the target or minority language in the same classroom. This integration develops the bilingual skills of both groups.
What is two-way immersion, or dual language immersion?
500
This is a political, economical, societal, and morally charged issue in the U.S.
What is bilingual education.
500
Researchers, policy makers, school administrators, parents, and teachers need to be passionate about providing a first-rate educational environment for ALL children, not only for those who speak standard English (Ovando, 2003).
What is a way to support and advocate for bilingual education?