Ancient to Renaissance
This ancient civilization first recorded health records and used herbs for both food and medicine.
What are the Egyptians?
The invention that allowed scientists to view cells and microorganisms for the first time.
What is the microscope?
This imaging technology, discovered in the 20th century, allowed doctors to see inside the body without surgery.
What are X-rays?
The term for efforts to control rising health-care costs while maximizing benefit per dollar.
What is cost containment?
A medical threat that exists when a disease outbreak spreads over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.
Answer: What is a pandemic?
Called the “Father of Medicine,” this Greek physician emphasized diet and cleanliness to prevent disease.
Who is Hippocrates?
Early pharmacists who made, prescribed, and sold medications during these centuries were called this.
What are apothecaries?
Name one landmark surgical milestone from the 20th century noted in the text.
What is the first open-heart surgery (1950s)?
This classification system groups diagnoses to control hospital payments and replace fee-for-service models.
What are Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)?
Give one historical pandemic example from the text before 2000 and one from the 21st century.
What are the 1918 Spanish flu (H5N1/avian flu) and COVID-19 (2019)?
Two Roman public-health innovations that helped prevent disease by improving sanitation and water supply.
What are sewers and aqueducts?
This vaccine was developed in the 18th century and helped reduce mortality from a deadly disease.
What is the smallpox vaccine?
This 21st-century project mapped all human genes and accelerated genomic research.
What is the Human Genome Project?
Name two cost-containment methods besides DRGs (choose any two from the material).
What are outpatient services and mass/bulk purchasing? (also accept early intervention/preventive services, environmental energy conservation, home health care)
Name two examples of drug-resistant bacteria cited in the material.
What are MRSA and VRE? (also accept CRA or MRAB)
During this period, human dissection became more accepted and the printing press allowed medical texts to spread, marking a rebirth of medical science.
What is the Renaissance?
Two major 19th-century developments that advanced medical care (one device and one systemic improvement).
What are the stethoscope and formal nurse training/infection control?
Two examples of 21st-century medical research areas mentioned that carry ethical and scientific debates.
What are embryonic stem cell research and cloning (or cloned cell research)?
This setting of care has resurged due to DRGs and shorter hospital stays and helps contain costs.
What is home health care?
Define “biotechnology” in one sentence, as used in the chapter.
What is: The use of genetic and biochemical processes of living systems to develop or modify useful products?
Name two reasons average life expectancy increased from ancient times through the Renaissance (give two distinct examples).
What are improved sanitation/clean water (Roman sewers/aqueducts), and better medical knowledge such as diet, cleanliness, and published medical texts/advances in anatomy?
Explain how the 19th-century advances in machines and training contributed to the rise in average life span (one clear causal link).
What is: Improved diagnostic tools (machines) and trained healthcare providers (nurse training + infection control) reduced deaths from disease and improved treatment, increasing average life span?
Describe one way computer technology changed health care in the 20th and 21st centuries (concise, specific).
What is: Computers enabled faster data storage/transfer, improved diagnostics and research (e.g., gene research), and integration of tech in nearly every aspect of care?
Explain how outpatient services and DRGs together reduce total health-care costs (one-sentence explanation).
What is: DRGs shorten or limit inpatient payments while outpatient services shift care to less-expensive settings, reducing hospital stays and overall cost per episode of care?
Match the biotechnology term to its brief function (list all three correctly: pharmacogenomics, proteomics, nanomedicine).
What are: pharmacogenomics — tailoring drugs to a person’s genetic makeup; proteomics — studying structure and function of proteins; nanomedicine — using nanotechnology for medical applications?