Politics of Literacy Education
literacy was a privilege reserved solely for dominant cultures and used to gain and maintain what?
What is power?
this was developed in 1824 by Louis Braille and was based on a twelve-dot system that was used by French soldiers.
What is braille?
searching for the best method of literacy instruction led to what
Who is reading wars?
these types of readers are known to actively construct meaning as they read, rather than passively absorb knowledge from texts
What are constructivists readers?
the U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services called upon who to create a National Reading Council
What is the National Academy of Science?
this was a crisis where nearly half the population was considered illiterate
What is global literacy crisis?
the U.S. relied on a number of other tactile and raised print systems created by sighted teachers until braille was standardized when?
What is 1930?
some of the key contenders in best practices in literacy education
Who is phonics, meaning-centered (such as basil reading series), and Language Experience Approach (using kid's oral language to master print?
researchers discovered this druinthe the cognitive revolution in reading
What is engagement with texts to build new understanding which requires applying personal experiences and previous knowledge to new information?
5 areas that the NRP declared the need for explicit instruction in
What is phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension?
this movement emerged as a powerful force that shaped the education policy that advocated for the desegregation of public schools.
What is the American Civil Rights movement?
What is inadequate educator training in instructional practices to effectively teach literacy in braille, and reliance on auditory literacy?
Who is their ability to meet the needs of their students with a solid understanding of reading?
What is learning to learn wave?
this was designed in 2001 to build literacy educator capacity through grant funded professional development
What is the Reading First Initiative?
in 1965, U.S. Prsident Lyndon B. Johnson signed the ESEA (Elementary and Secondary act) into law to increase equity for students in low income school districts. In 2001, Bush reauthorized this as the NCLB (No Child Left Behind). In 2015, Obama reauthorized this as what?
What is ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act)?
whose discovery may have led to a reduction of braille readers in the U.S. as literacy instruction in print was prioritized for many students with residual vision who may have benefited from braille?
Who is Natalie Barraga?
the most critical school-based factor in improving literacy for students is to ensure what
What is that educators who teach them are proficient in language and literacy develpment, and research-based instruction?
early writing studies suggest that young students may learn to read by what
What is writing?
mandating research based best practices in literacy instruction at the state level increases what
What is student's literacy success?
the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was later reauthorized as the individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) when?
What is 1975?
when was the introduction of the Unified English Braille code
What is 2012?
in 2024 the NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progress showed that literacy rates for 4th and 8th graders across the U.S. continue to
What is decline?
What are regulated readers?
What is comprehensiveness of reform measures?